Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall (mm) 600 400 200 0 Humidity Rainfall Temperature JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT hills, up to 725 m in elevation, lie to the north of the Obonyi villages along the border with Nigeria. The hills separating the villages of Kekpane and Basho are similar in elevation, rising to between 600 and 700 m. A basement complex of granite, gneisses, schist, and quartzites underlies the region, giving to shallow sedimentary soils (ENPLAN 1974). Marine sediment deposition occurred during the Precambrian, resulting in ferrite derived from crystalline rock and large areas of alluvial soil toward the southern end of the reserve. The Cross River and its numerous headwater tributaries form the main water system in the region. The general direction of the drainage pattern is from north to south, with two major rivers, the Makone and Magbe, flowing through the Reserve. (The Magbe is called the Oyi on the Nigerian side of the border.) The Makone drains the Matene Highlands and runs southwest through the Reserve to meet the Munaya River. The Magbe flows Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest OCT NOV DEC Figure 3. Climatic data for Besong-Abang to the south of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon 100 Humidity (%) from Matene through Nigeria and curves back into Takamanda; it represents a portion of the Reserve’s western boundary and eventually drains into the Mamfe River. 4 Climate and temperature The Takamanda area lacks accurate climatological data, which undoubtedly vary due to the elevational gradient that occurs within the reserve. In general, the region has two distinct seasons with most rainfall occurring from April to November, peaking in July and August with a second peak in September (Figure 3). The total annual rainfall is probably similar to that of the Nigerian side of the border in the Okwangwo region—up to 4,500 mm per year (World Wildlife Fund 1990). From November to April, the climate is mainly dry; some months, usually January and February, may receive no rain at all. The mean annual temperature is about 27º C. Normally, it is cooler in the rainy season than in the dry season. 80 60 40 20 0 30 29 28 27 26 25 Temperature (degrees centigrade)
Takamanda Forest Reserve 5 Settlement and culture Three enclaved villages, Kekpane, Obonyi I, and Obonyi III, lie in the Reserve. Five more villages are located along the Reserve’s boundary, and there are additional outlying villages. Letouzey (1985) estimated the human population of Takamanda to be between 6 and 12 individuals per km 2. A more recent survey calculated that the 43 villages within and around TFR, including 12 villages on the Nigerian side of the border, contain 15,707 people (Schmidt-Soltau et al. 2001). The dominant tribe within the area is Anyang, and the main spoken language is Denya. The majority of villagers, especially those located close to the Nigerian border, also speak or understand the closely-related Boki language, which is spoken on the Nigerian side of the border. Because of ethnic ties, people in Takamanda communities appear to have long-standing affinity with nearby Nigerian villagers. During gazettement of the Reserve, local poplulations were granted traditional rights to use the forest for their subsistence-based livelihoods. They also have legal right of passage through TFR, and themain travel route is the basis of a strong cross-border trading pattern. Agriculture, hunting, fishing, and the gathering of non-timber forest products are widespread throughout the Reserve (Mdahli et al. this volume, Sunderland et al. this volume). The main agricultural activities are subsistence farming for maize, plantain, banana, yams, and cassava. Cultivation of these annual crops often extends for some distance from the villages and has resulted in the removal of virtually all the trees in the immediate vicinity of settlements. Further from the villages, less extensive cultivation occurs, notably for oil palm, which is a major export from the Takamanda area. In anticipation of improved road access, cash crops— primarily cocoa and coffee—have recently been introduced to the area. 6 Flora and fauna Despite identification of the area as a priority for conservation (Gartlan 1989), biodiversity in the Takamanda region was not well known until relatively recently. Early expeditions concentrated on large mammals, particularly gorillas (Sanderson 1940, March 1957, Critchley 1968 Struhsaker, 1967, Thomas 1988, Sunderland-Groves et al. this volume). A more comprehensive study of TFR provides significantly more information on the unique fauna of the area (Groves and Maisels 1999, Groves 2002). It is now known that the Reserve and the neighboring Okwangwo region in Nigeria are important areas for many large mammals, including an isolated population of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) and the Nigerian chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus), drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), and Preuss’s Guenon (Cercopithecus preussi). As well, the forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) are local denizens. The wider biodiversity of the area, including the vegetation, remained unstudied, although it was speculated that because of the transition from lowland forest to montane savanna, the area would be particularly diverse for all biological taxa (Gartlan 1989). Letouzey (1985) and ONADEF (n.d.) mapped vegetation in the Reserve and the surrounding area as part of a national vegetation survey, providing two broad classification categories. Those studies were based on aerial photographs, however, ground-truthing was not conducted. Subsequent work by Thomas (1988) and Etuge (1998) elicited more details within the wide categories of Letouzey and ONADEF. Still, until the present work (see Sunderland et al. this volume), knowledge of TFR vegetation was inadequate. The present study provides for the first time a comprehensive overview of biodiversity in the Takamanda area using analytical techniques developed by the Smithsonian Institution’s Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB) within the context of an adaptive management approach for conducting assessments and monitoring of biodiversity. The work was modeled in part on SI/MAB projects in other regions of the world, including Peru and Gabon (Comiskey et al. 2000, Dallmeier et al. 2002). 5 SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
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56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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76 The sites which have been survey
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78 species from a phylogenetic poin
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82 Family / Species Notes Locations
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150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
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No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
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No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
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Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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Resource Impacts of seasonality Ava
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