Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of secondary or disturbed forest in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Species Sites occurring 1. Eurema (Terias) hecabe solifera 2. Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus aegyptius 3. Junonia oenone oenone B/W Obonyi I & III, Matene Camp, Takamanda areas Assam, Obonyi I Magbe and Takamanda Assam and Takamanda Camp areas 4. Junonia terea elgiva Assam, Matene Camp, Obonyi I Magbe Using butterflies as indicators of forest quality suggests that Assam is the most degraded site, as nearly all species that occur there prefer secondary habitat. Takamanda, Matene Camp, and Obonyi I Magbe also show signs of degradation. Even though the sampling sites were located in undisturbed areas away from the camps, the species composition indicates that some unseen factor is influencing species composition in favor of butterflies that are adapted to degraded habitats. Three of the four campsites sampled in the study are popular with such species. Table 7. Indicators of secondary or disturbed forest and their sites of occurrence in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Species Sites occurring 1. Papilio Obonyi I Camp (Princeps) dardanus 2. Nepheronia Matene Camp, Kekpani Camp argia argia XI and Takamanda 3. Leptosia alcesta inalcesta 4. Euphaedra medon fraudata B/W Obonyi III and Kekpani, Obonyi I Camp and Obonyi I Magbe. B/W Obonyi III & Kekpani, B/W Okpambe & Assam, Kekpani Camp XI, Obonyi I Camp, Obonyi I Hills, Obonyi I Magbe, & Takamanda Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest In short, our findings may demonstrate that TFR is an intact forest in the initial stages of degradation. This was not directly apparent from field observations, but analysis of the results of this study point to the fact that butterfly composition is more sensitive to changes and thus may provide a good indicator of future conditions. Still, we found species that are common throughout the Reserve in different habitat types (Table 7). Though very little work has been undertaken on the butterfly fauna of Cameroon, the immediate neighboring forests between Korup (including the Rumpi Hills) and Oban Hills in Nigeria have been studied (Obot and Ogar 1997). A cursory analysis of the results from these areas and those from our studies reveals an association in the butterfly fauna. About 40% of the species identified for TFR were also found to occur in Korup and/or the Oban Hills. Genera such as Eurema, Junonia, Bicyclus, Charaxes, Acrea, Euphaedra, are all represented in the communities of each site. There are, however, some common species (e.g. Papilio lormieri, Belenois sudanensis) that one would expect to find in the Korup list, but that curiously do not appear. The affinities between Korup and TFR are explained by the fact that the two forests are virtually contiguous and share similar physical and biological characteristics. Many of the butterfly species of both forests are migrant species, some local migrants, and hence should be able to move between the two areas. Thus, it is likely attributed to the less degraded conditions in Takamanda Forest Reserve compared with Korup. 4 Conclusion Because little data are available on butterfly distribution in Cameroon (Larsen 1997), the results of this study will contribute to: • a better understanding of the natural history of different butterfly species, • their range, distribution, and affinity for different habitat types,
Butterfly Fauna Table 8. Species common to all forest categories occurring in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Species Sites occurring 1. Papilio (Princeps) dardanus Obonyi I Camp 2. Nepheronia argia argia Matene Camp, Kekpani Camp XI and Takamanda 3. Leptosia alcesta inalcesta B/W Obonyi III and Kekpani, Obonyi I Camp and Obonyi I Magbe. B/W Obonyi III & Kekpani, B/W Okpambe & Assam, 4. Euphaedra medon fraudata Kekpani Camp XI, Obonyi I Camp, Obonyi I Hills, Obonyi I Magbe, & Takamanda • a checklist of species for Takamanda Forest Reserve, and • baseline information needed to monitor the success of conservation measures that use butterflies as indicators. This study represents an important first step in identifying likely sites to concentrate conservation efforts, based on the changing composition of species within the butterfly community. Areas where degradation has occurred or is beginning to take place should be targeted for initial conservation measures. The study can be improved through additional research over longer periods time to cover seasonal ranges within the variety of habitat types. A key question that remains to be answered is whether or not using butterflies as indicators will enable researchers to predict the presence of other taxa and thereby contribute immensely to studies of overall ecosystem health at TFR. References Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th edition. Saunders College Pub., Philadelphia . Carcasson, R. H., P. R. Ackery, C. R. Smith, and R.I. Vane-Wright (eds.). 1995. Carcasson’s African Butterflies: An Annotated Catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, East Melbourne and Natural History Museum, London. Davies, G. 1994. Guidelines for wildlife surveys in tropical forests. Ehrlich, P. R., and P. H.Raven. 1964. Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608. Feltwell, J. 1993. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies. Quarto Publishing, London. Fomete Nembot, T., and Z. Tchanou. 1998. La gestion des ecosystems forestiers du Cameroun a l’aube de l’an 2000. Volume 2 (Monographies des sites critiques et annexes). IUCN, Yaoundé. Haile, A., and T. Hofsvang. 2001. Infestation, damage, and insecticidal control of the stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) on sorghum in Eritrea. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 78(4): 249-254. Johnson, S. D. 1994. Evidence for Batesian mimicry in a butterfly-pollinated orchid. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 53: 91-104. Larsen T. B. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press. New York.. 61 SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
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Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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