Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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142 Mdaihli et al. Basin and is separated from the southeastern section of the Cross River National Park in Nigeria by the Cameroon-Nigeria international border. Covering an area of 67, 599 ha, TFR contains an additional 6,500 ha of village enclaves. Matene settlements in Cameroon are sandwiched between the Cross River National Park and the TFR. The introductory chapter by Sunderland- Groves et al. (this volume) provides full details of the project area including a map of the village locations. The most prominent water body in the region, the Cross River, and its many tributaries drain southwestern Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria. The Oyi River, a tributary of the Cross River, forms the greater part of it’s the Reserve’s western border, while the eastern and southern borders of the Reserve follow small rivulets and footpaths. Several small rivers flow south into the Munaya and the Cross River. In the northern part of the Reserve, the hilly terrain rises to more than 1,000 m with mountains reaching up to 1,600 m. Two seasons, dry and wet, characterize rainfall in the study area. Typically, heavy rains start in mid-March and last to mid-November, with the dry season extending from the latter half of November to mid-March. Average yearly rainfall ranges from 2,500 to 3,500 mm. Average monthly relative humidity at Besong-Abang south of the study area ranges between 76% and 89%. The mean annual temperature is 23º C with an average maximum of 30º C and minimum of 21º C. The hottest months are December to February. Temperatures decrease with altitude, and Mamfe at an elevation of 152 m records a maximum of 34º C in March compared to a minimum of 18º C in January. Akwaya at an altitude of 1,500 m in the northern extremity of the study area is much cooler than Mamfe in the south, and receives more rainfall because of the effect of the highlands. 3 Materials and methods The data that form the basis for this paper were collected in two surveys—a fisheries baseline study and a fisheries framework survey of TFR’s border zone areas. Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest 3.1 Fisheries Baseline Study The fisheries baseline survey (du Feu 2001) provided: • A checklist of fish species and literature on the fishery in the study area. • A description of the composition and the approximate distribution of fish species and of fisherfolk, fishing methods, and seasonality of the fishery. • A summary of fish processing and fish marketing in the area. Information on the fishery was obtained from discussions with fisherfolk and through two questionnaires, one for the whole fishing village and the other for individual fisherfolk. Resident literate persons, identified by the village chief and trained by the project team, administered the individual questionnaires to 474 people in the study area. To establish preliminary yields, a total of 72 catches were measured over five consecutive days. Using that information, it was difficult to estimate catch per unit effort (CpUE) for different gear types because a variety of fishing gear was used over the measurement period. In addition, fishing activity was not estimated from fisherfolk who had their catches weighed because they were fishing at the time of questioning and therefore would have an unrepresentative high level of activity. Instead, activity questions were included on the individual questionnaire, specifically: Had the individual gone fishing over the past three days. This question alone produced a total of 1,440 activity records or an average of 3.04 activities per person (474 individuals) over the three-day period. To establish preliminary yield estimates for the survey area and the whole of TFR, the total number of fisherfolk was obtained from the questionnaires in the south and from interviews with village chiefs in the northern areas. The mean catches and activity levels were derived from CpUE calculations for two villages and activity data from the fisheries baseline survey. CpUE is based on the general assumption that the number of
Fisheries Surveys Percentage activity 25 20 15 10 5 0 individual fish removed from a population will be proportional to the effort expended in taking the sample. Total population data, obtained from estimates of Grooves and Maisels (1999) and Ayeni and Mdaihli (2001), were used to estimate per capita consumption of fish. Because published literature on fisheries in the study area is scanty, reliance was placed on the collection of unpublished reports of field expeditions on fisheries surveys (King 1996, Roberts 1975, Simon 1998) in nearby Cross River National Park. Nomenclature and taxonomy used in the current paper follows that of Lévêque et al. (1990, 1992) and Froese and Pauly (2003). 3.2 Fisheries Framework Survey The fisheries framework survey was designed on the basis of the findings of the baseline study above. In 18 fishing villages in the TFR border zone area, all people who fish were counted, their names were recorded, and they were grouped as follows: • Resident adult fishermen • Resident adult fisherwomen • Fisher children • Fishermen from other Cameroonian villages • Nigerian fishermen Adult fishermen Adult fisherwomen Fisherchildren Migrant fisherfolk Jan Feb March Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 1. Seasonality of fishing by fisherfolk in the border zone south of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon 143 In addition, the number and types of fishing gear, boats, and engines they own were recorded. 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Seasonality of Fishing Fishing is an activity conducted in all sorts of waters with peak activity extending from the end of the rainy season (December) into the short, dry season in March (Figure 1). At this time, the water currents are slow and the river/stream levels less variable than during the wet season. Fish also become more concentrated as the river level drops, making them easier to catch. There is a rapid rise in fishing activity from October to December after the wet season when streams and rivers are emptying. During this period, a large number of juvenile fish that hatched during the rains and used flooded areas and streams as nursery grounds are caught—primarily through the use of fish fences, traps, cast nets, and cross-over nets. However, fishing for juveniles that have not had a chance to reproduce reduces the overall annual fish production of the water bodies. 4.2 The Fisherfolk The 2001 fisheries framework survey identified approximately 2,400 part- and full-time fisherfolk in the SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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The Smithsonian Institution has lon
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The editors of this publication ext
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2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
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6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
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8 Sunderland-Groves et al. Europe,
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10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challen
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12 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5 Adaptiv
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14 Comiskey and Dallmeier identifie
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16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
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18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
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22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
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24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
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26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
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28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
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30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
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32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
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34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
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36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
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38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
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40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
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42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
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44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
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46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
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48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
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50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
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52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
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54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
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56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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74 h—2@y——A 2 IE2— y2@w—
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76 The sites which have been survey
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78 species from a phylogenetic poin
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80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
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82 Family / Species Notes Locations
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84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
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86 LeBreton et al. Bothrolycus ater
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88 LeBreton et al. an important par
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90 LeBreton et al. Perret, J.-L. 19
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Page 106 and 107: 96 Languy and Motombe f 5 q—2˜
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Page 110 and 111: 100 Languy and Motombe encroachment
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Page 154 and 155: 144 Table 1. Type and number of fis
Page 156 and 157: 146 Migrating Labeo spp. make up 10
Page 158 and 159: 148 Mdaihli et al. Mochokidae Barbu
Page 160 and 161: 150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
Page 162 and 163: 152 Mdaihli et al. of Forests Aroun
Page 164 and 165: 154 Mdaihli et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 166 and 167: 156 Sunderland et al. Table 1. Majo
Page 168 and 169: 158 Sunderland et al. resources and
Page 170 and 171: 160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
Page 172 and 173: No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
Page 174 and 175: No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
Page 176 and 177: Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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Page 184 and 185: 174 Slayback 7 H S IH type of autom
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Page 188 and 189: 178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
Page 190 and 191: 180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
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