Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challenges Facing Takamanda Forest Reserve Until recently, the biotic resources of TFR have remained isolated because of the Reserve’s remote location. The 1990s, however, saw an increase in the number and activities of logging concessions in the vicinity of TFR. The human population has grown in the region as access has improved to extract timber, with a subsequent increase in the clearance of forest for agriculture (Slayback this volume) and a dramatic rise in the trade of bushmeat (Sunderland-Groves and Maisel this volume). Illegal hunting is of particular concern because of the presence of the endemic and highly threatened Cross River Gorilla in the Reserve and the adjoining highlands of Nigeria (Sunderland-Groves et al. this volume). An additional threat is posed by current construction of a road from Mamfe to Akwaya that will further increase access to the area, resulting in additional immigration and hunting. Fragmentation of the landscape as more families build houses and grow their crops is likely to have a negative impact on large mammal species in the area, especially the Cross River Gorilla population that is already isolated in highland areas. Likewise, fragmentation is likely to affect other taxonomic groups including the birds (Languy and Motombe this volume), reptiles (LeBreton et al. this volume) as well as the arthropod populations (O’Kah this volume, Vick this volume). Population growth will likely put further strain on the limited resources, resulting in a rise in bushmeat hunting, fisheries (Mdaihli et al. this volume), and nontimber forest product use (Sunderland et al. this volume). 3 The Adaptive Management Framework Adaptive management provides a means by which conservation and management practices can be improved through lessons learned. The process assumes that there are uncertainties in management and that different practices can be tested and measured (Elzinga et al. 1998, Comiskey et al. 2000). Within the adaptive management framework, monitoring of biodiversity provides the information to determine whether practices must be changed to achieve desired outcomes—in the case of Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest TFR, maintaining biodiversity in an optimally functioning state. Human activities can have drastic impacts that may require long and costly investment for recovery of landscapes or species or that may cause irreversible changes such as the loss of species. For these reasons, management to conserve biodiversity can help avoid or mitigate such impacts (Naveh 1994, Freitag et al. 1998, van Jaarsveld et al. 1998, Poiani et al. 2000). This model has proven successful in combination with development projects in the tropical forests of Peru (Dallmeier et al. 2002) and Gabon (SI/MAB 2002), helping to minimize the negative impacts of natural resource extraction on biodiversity. Adaptive management is a cyclical process that involves four major steps, each of which allows for the calibration of goals and objectives through feedback from monitoring (Figure 1). The steps are: (1) determine the monitoring objectives and plan, (2) implement management practices, (3) assess and monitor management practices, and (4) evaluate the results and make appropriate decisions, altering management practices, if necessary. Each step is periodically reviewed to assure that the appropriate information feeds the next level. The cyclical nature of the process is essential to validate the results of each step (Holling 1978, Walters 1986, Comiskey et al. 2000). 4 Initial Steps in Takamanda Forest Reserve Recommendations for conservation and management of Takamanda Forest Reserve require a basic understanding of conservation priorities and, where possible, ecosystem functions. The Takamanda Project, undertaken to provide this information, represented a multidisciplinary, coordinated approach for gathering, analyzing, and disseminating information about TFR and the surrounding area that has been influenced by different land-use activities. The World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation Society initiated work in the Reserve through a series of surveys to determine the status of the Cross River Gorilla, sub-species with high conservation priority (Sarmiento and Oates 2000). The two organizations sought assistance from the Smithsonian
Adaptive management Institution’s Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB) to help establish a biodiversity monitoring program and build in-country capacity. 4.1 Consultation and Training SI/MAB and the Wildlife Conservation Society, in collaboration with the Bioresources Development Conservation Program, consulted stakeholders with an interest in TFR. These included local, national, and international experts and institutions with knowledge about the region (WWF, Birdlife International, Cameroon Ornithology Club, CamHerp, Limbe Botanic Gardens, GTZ) as well as government agencies (MINEF), representatives from the different communities in the area, and national universities. From the outset, most stakeholders expressed a desire to share expertise, costs, and logistical arrangements in conducting assessments and monitoring in the remote TFR. As part of the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Smithsonian Institution and WWF with additiona support from the Central African Regional Program for the Environment conducted a training course on biodiversity assessment and monitoring in Mundemba, Cameroon, in 2000. The participants, all of whom were stakeholders with an interest in conservation in Cameroon, learned about use of the adaptive management framework as a tool for conservation management in their respective projects. Initial plans and consultation for the Takamanda Project were discussed, and several organizations agreed to participate in the project. Training of the field personnel was conducted at the time of the training course and continued during field assessments at TFR. 4.2 Biodiversity Assessments Multi-stakeholder biodiversity assessments were completed in TFR during 2001 and 2002 in different seasons. A series of protocols and sampling methodologies were developed and used by teams of researchers at different locations. The research sites represented a range of vegetation types and elevations. The protocols helped ensure credible scientific research and analysis, the results of which can be used in making conservation and management recommendations for the area. The project emphasized the following site-specific objectives: • Identify key habitats, using cartographic information and remote sensing. • Describe forest structure, composition, and diversity. • Determine the current conditions (species composition, frequency of encounters, population densities) of key taxonomic groups, including large mammals, birds, reptiles, and selected arthropod groups. • Gather and understand indigenous knowledge on the species and their uses. • Evaluate fisheries activities. • Develop land use change maps. Conducting the assessments over dry and rainy seasons allowed the scientists to generate a robust baseline of information about biodiversity in TFR for the long-term monitoring program. 4.3 Information Dissemination The current publication forms an important first step in determining future activities for TFR. Each institution involved in the Takamanda Project produced a variety of reports for their agencies and funders, as well as the papers published in this book. The consensus among all participants was that TFR is extremely important to biodiversity and that we are only just beginning to gain an understanding of the different ecological components of the area. Nevertheless, TFR remains threatened by many land uses, including road construction that will open the region to increased immigration. The remainder of this paper proposes adaptive management as a framework to achieve conservation and management goals in TFR and suggests potential next steps to implement such a program. 11 SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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