Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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144 Table 1. Type and number of fisherfolk in TFR, Cameroon. Type of Fisherfolk Number Resident fishermen 911 Resident fisherwomen 625 Fishing children 722 Migrant fishermen from Nigeria 31 Migrant fishermen from Cameroon 110 study area, of which 38% were resident adult males, 30% were children, 26% were resident adult females, 5% were migrants from within Cameroon, and 1% were migrants from Nigeria (Table 1). 4.3 Fishing Equipment Dugout canoes or canoes made of sawn timber (planked canoes) are commonly used for fishing, propelled by paddling since there are virtually no outboard engines in the study area (Table 2). Fishing gear includes gill nets, cast nets, drift nets, beach seines, hand nets, hooks of all kinds, poles and lines, traps, fish fences, cutlasses, and bare hands. Typical gill nets have a mesh size of 3 inches. When set parallel to the shore, these nets have no harmful effect on the fishery. If set across the river, however, they can block upstream breeding movement and migration and capture large numbers of juvenile fish. Cast nets have a small mesh size of 1.5 – 2 inches that can damage fish stocks through premature harvesting of juvenile fish. Drift nets usually target breeding adults as they migrate upstream to spawn. The number of nets is not sufficient to warrant concern, but should be monitored. Beach seines, or “keli-keli,” are extremely destructive because as they are hauled along, they dredge the riverbed and thus destroy breeding and nursery sites. This is a particular problem for continuous spawners such as cichlids. Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest Mdaihli et al. Scoop/hand net, commonly called “nylon trap” nets, have a mean mesh size of just one inch. Large catches of juveniles can be expected. Cichlids, the main species caught, are not highly fecund and therefore prone to decline in yield if juveniles are over-fished. . Also of concern is disturbance of breeding nests as people wade through the streams with their nets. Large Hook, or the “number 1 hook,” represents the least damaging of all fishing methods, apart from the associated fishery required for bait fishes. Large hooks target predator fishes; through decreases in the number of predators, increased yields of prey species lower in the food chain can be expected. Poles and lines, known as “day hooks,” probably account for a large mortality of juveniles, judging from the number of children fishing and the small size of the hooks that they use. Wire traps are made of chicken wire with a single opening; they are up to one meter in length. Traps are notorious for catching juvenile fish, particularly of cichlids. Traps probably cause the highest mortality of these species. Fish fences catch all species of fish during the juvenile’s migration from the streams where they were spawned to the main river from November to January. Care must be taken to accurately determine the number of fish fence sites and composition of the catch to make an accurate assessment of impacts. Table 2. Fishing equipment used by fisherfolk in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon Equipment # Equipment # Canoes 438 Hand nets 1,457 Engines 1 Hooks 20,917 Gill nets 6,793 Poles and lines 2,328 Cast nets 1,029 Traps 5,833 Drift nets 422 Fish fences 84 Beach seines 21 Baskets 1,199
Fisheries Surveys 4.4 Fish Poisons Two types of fish poison exist. The most dangerous is the organo-chlorine insecticide Gammalin 20 (Reid 1989), which are applied during low water (November-March). Poisons from local plants are more widely used, especially by women, and have been recorded as far back as 1905 (Teugels et al. 1992). Traditional poisons include Trephosia, a leaf tree (local name Tachinkot, Kachi), the bark of the Piptadeniastrum africanum (a tree; Groves and Maisels 1999), and two types of fruit—one of Randia sp. (local names Ejibi, Kembu, Epum, and Otchuwatumwa) and the other of Omphalocarpum procerum. Cameroon law now bans chemical poisons. There is no prohibition on use of traditional poisons from local plants, but herbal poisons are banned if classified under a provision of Cameroon law that covers “all other methods deemed to be destructive against fauna or balance of the aquatic ecosystem.” 4.5 Fish Processing and Marketing The only form of fish processing is hot smoking, commonly referred to as “drying.” All excess fish are smoked either for storage in the home or for sale to other households or markets. The most common fish eaten by village folk are fresh Clarias, Labeo, and tilapia. They sell larger, higher-priced fish and retain smaller ones for home consumption. Every fishing household performs its own smoking. This may appear to be a waste of firewood and effort, especially given periodic, small catches. However, the fish smoker is a simple structure made of a slatted shelf (usually bamboo) placed above the kitchen fire. Because the kitchen fire is always lit, there is adequate smoke for curing. Prior to smoking, the fish are de-scaled, and the intestines and gills are removed. The fish is then washed and, if smaller than 15 cm, placed flat on the smoking shelf. If larger, a wood skewer is inserted through the mouth to the tail so that the fish is bent circular. The person who caught the fish is usually responsible for preparing it, although this activity is sometimes shared with other members of the household. Fish are smoked for up to three days, then placed in covered rattan baskets on a shelf about 2 m above the fire to remain dry. There are few fish markets in the study area. Fish are either consumed by the household (23% of surveyed catches) or taken to other houses for sale (77%). Thus, fish are an important source of protein and income. The main market for fish is in the study area is Mamfe; it is held every Saturday. A roadside market exists along the Mamfe-Nyang road. Its stops include Nyang (Wednesday), Mukonyong (Thursday), and Eshobi (Friday). Only two fish stalls were seen in the road market, and both sold smoked crayfish of very poor quality. There are no fish markets west of the Mamfe- Nyang road. During the rainy season when this survey was conducted, sea fish were sold mainly at Mamfe market, which had 12 stalls selling salt-water fish compared to 8 selling freshwater fish. Fish sellers offered either freshwater or salt-water fish, never a mix. There was no price difference between the two. Salt-water fish came from Limbe on the coast and included small stone heads, mullets, barracuda, and shrimp. Women take most freshwater fish to the Mamfe market and use the proceeds from selling the fish to purchase household items, although sometimes fish traders go to villages to buy fish for market. Fish sold at Mamfe are used for local consumption and not exported elsewhere. 4.6 Fish Breeding and Migration 145 From October to December, fish breeding and migration occur in the small streams draining the project area. This period marks the time when hatchlings produced in the preceding rainy season use the flooded streams as breeding grounds before returning to the main rivers. It is during the same period, fish fencing, traps, cast nets and cross-over nets that cause high mortality to juvenile fish are frequently operated. SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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The Smithsonian Institution has lon
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The editors of this publication ext
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2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
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6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
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8 Sunderland-Groves et al. Europe,
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16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
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18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
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22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
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24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
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26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
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28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
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30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
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32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
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34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
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36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
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38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
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40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
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42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
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44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
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46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
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48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
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50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
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52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
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54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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74 h—2@y——A 2 IE2— y2@w—
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76 The sites which have been survey
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78 species from a phylogenetic poin
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80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
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82 Family / Species Notes Locations
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84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
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86 LeBreton et al. Bothrolycus ater
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90 LeBreton et al. Perret, J.-L. 19
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92 LeBreton et al. Appendix 1 (cont
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Page 160 and 161: 150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
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Page 170 and 171: 160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
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Page 174 and 175: No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
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