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said, “We taught American studies at Moscow University as well as being in the Institute,” Arbatov’s expertise became extremely valuable, even more valuable than it had been originally. The USA-Canada Institute still exists, but it has suffered the decline that all the Soviet institutions have, including the Academy of Sciences itself. They have to find new sources of funding and their place in society is much different even though it is still a privileged group. They’re one of among many others. New universities, and the reformed old universities are transforming the education system. For example, the privileged place of institutes as opposed to university faculties is a great issue of contention now. I’m sure it will result in further diminishing of the institutes from first place toward the direction of university education. Q: Did the CIA, KGB recruiters and all that sort of get mixed up in this whole thing? MILLER: No, because KGB was disintegrating so fast, changing itself, into institutions under more direct public civilian control. CIA was very interested. Of course, our American board members would tell them whatever they wanted to know. Beyond the analytic side, CIA’s covert work, was not relevant at this point. Q: Things were moving too fast? MILLER: Moving much too fast. Q: You could almost pick the wrong guy. MILLER: No, I’d say our CIA analysts were terrific/ Those who had the most work to do, the bean-counters, the nuclear types, were in heaven at this stage, because of everything they used to see from 200 miles above, they could now see firsthand and even touch. Q: What was happening on the nuclear side during this period? MILLER: The fundamental necessary decisions had been made by Gorbachev and by the Soviets, that there would be a strategic weapons halt; there would be an agreed nuclear plateau of technology. Gorbachev was convinced that there was not going to be a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union, that these nuclear weapons should be reduced to the lowest possible levels. Gorbachev himself proposed zero. The argument became not how large a force you could have, but how small a force you could have. There were many proposals abut minimum nuclear force levels. For example, I wrote a proposal in 1987 which showed how 2,000 warheads was the number that would give you at least double insurance, even triple insurance, to be able to hit all targets believed strategic. That is where we are, now. It was a matter of planning. The Russian military are now at that level, too. They’re retargeting, of course, to other places – China. Q: How about as students and professors and all, was there an explosion in Soviet students going out – I’m thinking of American, but of others coming in? 140
MILLER: Yes. The encouragement of high school students from the Soviet Union coming to the United States was called the Bradley Program, which is named for Senator Bill Bradley. His arrangement called for large numbers of high school students coming to the United States. The original proposal was for 50,000. It has never reached that level, but greater numbers of Soviets came to the United States than had ever come before, at any period in their history. Exchanges of professors reached high levels, and the normal channels of academic exchange burgeoned so the IREX (International Research and Exchanges Board) wasn’t sufficient. Q: IREX meaning … MILLER: This is the NGO that for many years handled student exchange from abroad. IREX was the main channel of student and academic exchange with the Soviet Union. IREX was funded by the academic institutions in the United States and the major foundations as a logistical clearing house for getting visas and handling travel and housing. So a number of new organizations supplemented what IREX had been doing all throughout the Soviet period. Q: Did you get any feel for how the United States was taught – our history, our institutions, our society and culture and all – was being taught within the Soviet Union at that time? MILLER: Yes, of course, until Gorbachev, the United States was seen as a bourgeois, failing capitalist society. But it all changed when the Soviets themselves traveled to the United States. It was what was learned directly while traveling in the United States that caused a change in textbooks and overall perceptions of the United States. I’ll never forget the remarks of a fellow named Yuri Travkin, who was head of the transportation workers union, and a deputy in the Supreme Soviet. When he went out to the West for the first time, he came back and gave a speech in the Supreme Soviet, saying “I’ve been deceived my all of my life. The scales have dropped from my eyes. The West is not what they told us! It’s utterly different. We have been living a great sham. We have to reform.” So I’m deeply convinced that we should bring Russians here to see the reality. Q: You were there during the – when was the coup attempt against Gorbachev, when Yeltsin came into his own? MILLER: That’s 1990. Q: So you were there at that time. MILLER: Yes, I was. Q: Was, at the time, was there concern that the coup people might bring it off? MILLER: Yes, of course, but there was also the suspicion that Gorbachev was part of the 141
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The Association for Diplomatic Stud
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Investigative committee Oversight C
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Q: Could you tell me when and where
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in Europe and the explosion of New
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of 98. He was my English teacher ju
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MILLER: He was a monster. He was se
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Q: Well, you graduated in ’53. Ho
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structure. Oxford and Cambridge was
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situation, particularly, attitudes
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vacations in between semesters, eig
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student. I was returning from a tra
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Q: Did you go on to get your PhD? M
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Q: I would think so. *** Okay, toda
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us in his car and lent us some mone
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its history and was a patriot in th
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MILLER: The Shah was never accepted
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Q: Well, now let’s talk about the
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Young and his archaeologist son, T.
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Q: Great opener isn’t it … MILL
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“What have you got in the village
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highly cultured city with a thousan
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MILLER: The hierarchy of power was
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and along the Persian Gulf there we
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and its independence despite the 19
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MILLER: Very ephemeral. It’s only
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Q: Well, then maybe we should move
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he had been chief of protocol, amon
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show that they were … MILLER: No,
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sustain his absolutism. That was my
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technical assistance and the secret
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streets. This astounded the nationa
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were the most important, and Bob Ko
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Symington was one of the key people
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a modern state. One could see some
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the difficulties arose was in the n
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That was the policy when I arrived.
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Q: Was the question of authority he
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no policy role, I thought that I re
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fierce guardian secretary, Martha,
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It is a mark of the Senate of this
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Today is the 12 th of December, 200
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smaller than they are now. Everyone
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of everyone. These views were on th
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danger. Cutting people down to size
Page 89 and 90: very carefully, and with great plea
Page 91 and 92: Cooper retires and I go as Chief of
Page 93 and 94: MILLER: Some, say they're taking it
Page 95 and 96: new Select Committee had to go thro
Page 97 and 98: MILLER: The Hoover people were stil
Page 99 and 100: Q: Who? MILLER: Sam Giancana, a mob
Page 101 and 102: whole, the CIA did its duty. In any
Page 103 and 104: was doing to me and I set the rules
Page 105 and 106: MILLER: They were a right-wing terr
Page 107 and 108: tens of billions of dollars in the
Page 109 and 110: very difficult then and, of course,
Page 111 and 112: problems with senators or the staff
Page 113 and 114: MILLER: The most important informat
Page 115 and 116: But now, that gap has disappeared f
Page 117 and 118: national security changed. National
Page 119 and 120: That's the value of Fletcher, and,
Page 121 and 122: know this June the Diplomatic Acade
Page 123 and 124: went to the American Committee on U
Page 125 and 126: The board was very attractive to me
Page 127 and 128: President of the American Committee
Page 129 and 130: survived that, and was now the tuto
Page 131 and 132: great essay for me, which I treasur
Page 133 and 134: then. Sakharov wrote a draft of the
Page 135 and 136: House. This was Reagan - up to ’8
Page 137 and 138: social revolutionary change. The ch
Page 139: MILLER: No. The forces of change ha
Page 143 and 144: Gorbachev, so Yeltsin was sort of p
Page 145 and 146: Q: Well, why don't we talk about '9
Page 147 and 148: peculiar sense of stasis even in th
Page 149 and 150: members on the International Founda
Page 151 and 152: MILLER: Yes, but he would have won
Page 153 and 154: Q: This is tape eight, side one, wi
Page 155 and 156: Q: Was this an American movement mo
Page 157 and 158: doing, it was a pretty good paralle
Page 159 and 160: no one stopped them. They had to do
Page 161 and 162: MILLER: They sided with the people.
Page 163 and 164: A very good case in point is how th
Page 165 and 166: Quartet, from St. Petersburg. They
Page 167 and 168: MILLER: More or less. In all of the
Page 169 and 170: Q: Well, then, when did you leave M
Page 171 and 172: no one did very well; neither the R
Page 173 and 174: laws explicitly said you can’t ha
Page 175 and 176: policy going to be, and the articul
Page 177 and 178: people who had worked with him, lik
Page 179 and 180: Ridgeway. During the time between t
Page 181 and 182: My instructions were, number one, g
Page 183 and 184: (Communist bureaucracy). Q: Who was
Page 185 and 186: MILLER: The attitude in Washington
Page 187 and 188: Kravchuk and the Ukrainian leadersh
Page 189 and 190: that message and saw this policy by
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was surrounded by gorgeous gardens.
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When Meshkov asked about U.S. assis
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Ukraine, a longstanding one, which
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language issue really didn't cause
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most dramatic and most destructive
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now running the new system and were
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are now a part of the political age
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MILLER: Yes, that’s more or less
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utility of setting up FBI liaison w
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Q: This is tape 11, side one, with
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Q: Well, now, when you were there,
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invention, was created to provide a
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that would damage the good relation
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sense. There are Ukrainian national
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Ukrainian language nationalist, whe
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north German plain and so on is a f
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toadies and miscreants of one kind
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ase for me to go back to Ukraine an
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art of the country from the earlies
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only because I'm an example of it,
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Q: Absolutely. There's a little bit
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