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particular Admiral Bobby Inman said, "The best answer here is to educate the Senators and their staff on why it's necessary." So the intelligence agencies undertook a huge security education program. I, for example, I was the only staff person that had access to the information in every single classified compartment, every compartment in existence at that time. At every stage, they would first say, "These are the risks, now here is the information." Storage of classified material and its protection was done well. The people I had who were in charge of security were experienced and from the intelligence agencies. Security of material was a very rigorous affair. There were no instances of leaks. Two people were dismissed from the staff, one for losing his briefcase in a phone booth. The briefcase was given to the FBI. There was no security damage. The other was an unauthorized discussion with a journalist about the deliberations of the committee – no security information was given but it was an unauthorized meeting and he was dismissed. Maintaining security was extremely difficult, extremely difficult. The discipline required was extraordinary for any place, but particularly for the Hill. We had the requirement of getting space within the Senate building, so they gave us the auditorium of the new senate office building. The auditorium was converted into offices and working space for staff. There was only one entrance, security guards constantly checked all activities. There were frequent sweeps, hearings were held only in secure hearing rooms, such as the Atomic Energy Committee hearing rooms in the Capitol. The staff numbered about 150, half of whom were lawyers, mostly litigators, who were pursuing the cases involving the assassinations of foreign leaders. The other half were people from the intelligence agencies, State, and from the universities. We had several ambassadors, for example, Bill Trueheart and panels of advisers on particular issues, of course. We had a number of excellent historians and a good group of recent graduates from the best graduate schools. The historians did our most successful research projects. We had about 55 separate investigations going on simultaneously, and hearings three days a week, for a year and a half. We produced 12 volumes of unclassified material and 10 times that of classified reports, and in the end we produced a final report with recommendations for action which stands up pretty well. Q: Well, first place, where did the FBI fit into this? MILLER: Well, they were considered an intelligence agency, a domestic intelligence agency. They were the ones who keep watch on Americans. The FBI are the ones who wiretapped Americans. Q: Well, was J. Edgar Hoover still around? MILLER: No, it was Gray at that point. Q: They had deadly ... 96
MILLER: The Hoover people were still there at the top and in charge. Q: That Hoover's great power was that he had his own sort of personal files ... MILLER: On many politicians, which he did. Q: Were you able to get to those and sort of clean that out? MILLER: Oh, yes, that was one of the first interests, as you might expect. As senators, they wanted to know what the FBI had on themselves, so they went to the FBI saying, "We want to see our files," which the FBI had to provide. I'll never forget one of the meetings, when the House Committee went with us as well. This took place when the House still had a committee. They went down in flames after they leaked classified information to Dan Shore and to the Village Voice and the House voted to disband the committee. The group that went to the FBI included Frank Church, Barry Goldwater, Mac Mathias, and Dee Huddleston from the senators, and among the House members, there was Pike, who was the chairman, and Bella Abzug. I recall the moments the members got into the file room where the files of each of the visiting members were indicated on colored sheets sticking up from the file drawers so that they can go see their file, pull it out and read the contents. So, Bella Abzug, was wearing her usual big hat ... Q: She had a big, polka-dot hat. She always had it, too. MILLER: She ran to the file cabinet, pulled it out and started to put the contents in her big leather bag. The FBI agent leapt to the file, and then there was this wrestling match between Bella Abzug and the FBI agent. It was a wonderful moment. So Bella Abzug’s colleagues calmed her down and they all sat at a table. She was outraged, of course, because they had a huge telephone file containing Bella’s many phone conversations and all her speeches, and all the newspaper clippings and a host of accusations. Anything to do with X person was there – garbage, thoughtful letters, lunatic letters that said that Bella Abzug is unpatriotic, etc. – Barry Goldwater said, "I don't want to see my file. I'm not looking at it. I know I haven’t done anything wrong. I have confidence in the FBI." Q: Well, were these files essentially cleaned up, or did you have access to them? MILLER: No, the committee established that they had a right of access to them. They never knew was whether there was more in unseen file cabinets. The claim was that was that the senators had been shown all there was. This was always the deepest problem. Was there more? What hasn’t been shown? How do you know? 97
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The Association for Diplomatic Stud
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Investigative committee Oversight C
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Q: Could you tell me when and where
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in Europe and the explosion of New
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of 98. He was my English teacher ju
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MILLER: He was a monster. He was se
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Q: Well, you graduated in ’53. Ho
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structure. Oxford and Cambridge was
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situation, particularly, attitudes
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vacations in between semesters, eig
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student. I was returning from a tra
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Q: Did you go on to get your PhD? M
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Q: I would think so. *** Okay, toda
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us in his car and lent us some mone
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its history and was a patriot in th
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MILLER: The Shah was never accepted
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Q: Well, now let’s talk about the
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Young and his archaeologist son, T.
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Q: Great opener isn’t it … MILL
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“What have you got in the village
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highly cultured city with a thousan
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MILLER: The hierarchy of power was
Page 45 and 46: and along the Persian Gulf there we
Page 47 and 48: and its independence despite the 19
Page 49 and 50: MILLER: Very ephemeral. It’s only
Page 51 and 52: Q: Well, then maybe we should move
Page 53 and 54: he had been chief of protocol, amon
Page 55 and 56: show that they were … MILLER: No,
Page 57 and 58: sustain his absolutism. That was my
Page 59 and 60: technical assistance and the secret
Page 61 and 62: streets. This astounded the nationa
Page 63 and 64: were the most important, and Bob Ko
Page 65 and 66: Symington was one of the key people
Page 67 and 68: a modern state. One could see some
Page 69 and 70: the difficulties arose was in the n
Page 71 and 72: That was the policy when I arrived.
Page 73 and 74: Q: Was the question of authority he
Page 75 and 76: no policy role, I thought that I re
Page 77 and 78: fierce guardian secretary, Martha,
Page 79 and 80: It is a mark of the Senate of this
Page 81 and 82: Today is the 12 th of December, 200
Page 83 and 84: smaller than they are now. Everyone
Page 85 and 86: of everyone. These views were on th
Page 87 and 88: danger. Cutting people down to size
Page 89 and 90: very carefully, and with great plea
Page 91 and 92: Cooper retires and I go as Chief of
Page 93 and 94: MILLER: Some, say they're taking it
Page 95: new Select Committee had to go thro
Page 99 and 100: Q: Who? MILLER: Sam Giancana, a mob
Page 101 and 102: whole, the CIA did its duty. In any
Page 103 and 104: was doing to me and I set the rules
Page 105 and 106: MILLER: They were a right-wing terr
Page 107 and 108: tens of billions of dollars in the
Page 109 and 110: very difficult then and, of course,
Page 111 and 112: problems with senators or the staff
Page 113 and 114: MILLER: The most important informat
Page 115 and 116: But now, that gap has disappeared f
Page 117 and 118: national security changed. National
Page 119 and 120: That's the value of Fletcher, and,
Page 121 and 122: know this June the Diplomatic Acade
Page 123 and 124: went to the American Committee on U
Page 125 and 126: The board was very attractive to me
Page 127 and 128: President of the American Committee
Page 129 and 130: survived that, and was now the tuto
Page 131 and 132: great essay for me, which I treasur
Page 133 and 134: then. Sakharov wrote a draft of the
Page 135 and 136: House. This was Reagan - up to ’8
Page 137 and 138: social revolutionary change. The ch
Page 139 and 140: MILLER: No. The forces of change ha
Page 141 and 142: MILLER: Yes. The encouragement of h
Page 143 and 144: Gorbachev, so Yeltsin was sort of p
Page 145 and 146: Q: Well, why don't we talk about '9
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peculiar sense of stasis even in th
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members on the International Founda
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MILLER: Yes, but he would have won
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Q: This is tape eight, side one, wi
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Q: Was this an American movement mo
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doing, it was a pretty good paralle
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no one stopped them. They had to do
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MILLER: They sided with the people.
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A very good case in point is how th
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Quartet, from St. Petersburg. They
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MILLER: More or less. In all of the
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Q: Well, then, when did you leave M
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no one did very well; neither the R
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laws explicitly said you can’t ha
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policy going to be, and the articul
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people who had worked with him, lik
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Ridgeway. During the time between t
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My instructions were, number one, g
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(Communist bureaucracy). Q: Who was
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MILLER: The attitude in Washington
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Kravchuk and the Ukrainian leadersh
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that message and saw this policy by
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was surrounded by gorgeous gardens.
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When Meshkov asked about U.S. assis
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Ukraine, a longstanding one, which
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language issue really didn't cause
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most dramatic and most destructive
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now running the new system and were
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are now a part of the political age
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MILLER: Yes, that’s more or less
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utility of setting up FBI liaison w
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Q: This is tape 11, side one, with
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Q: Well, now, when you were there,
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invention, was created to provide a
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that would damage the good relation
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sense. There are Ukrainian national
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Ukrainian language nationalist, whe
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north German plain and so on is a f
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toadies and miscreants of one kind
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ase for me to go back to Ukraine an
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art of the country from the earlies
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only because I'm an example of it,
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Q: Absolutely. There's a little bit
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