Denmark's National Inventory Report 2005 - Submitted under the ...

age the emissions from catalyst cars stabilise after a given cut-off mileage is reached due to OBD
(On Board Diagnostics) and the Danish inspection and maintenance programme.
For each forecast year the deterioration factors are calculated per first registration year by using
deterioration coefficients and cut-off mileages, as given in Ntziachristos et al. (2000) or Illerup et al.
(2002) for the corresponding layer. The deterioration coefficients are given for the two driving cycles
”Urban driving Cycle” (UDF) and ”Extra Urban driving Cycle” (EUDF: urban and rural), with
trip speeds of 19 and 63 km/h, respectively.
Firstly, the deterioration factors are calculated for the corresponding trip speeds of 19 and 63 km/h
in each case determined by the total cumulated mileage less than or exceeding the cut-off mileage.
The formulas 3 and 4 show the calculations for the ”Urban driving Cycle”:
8') +
= 8 ⋅ 07& 8 , MTC < U (3)
MAX
8') +
= 8 ⋅8
8 , MTC >= U (4)
MAX
Where UDF is the urban deterioration factor, U A and U B the urban deterioration coefficients, MTC
= total cumulated mileage, U MAX urban cut-off mileage.
In the case of trip speeds below 19 km/h the deterioration factor, DF, equals UDF, whereas for trip
speeds exceeding 63 km/h DF=EUDF. For trip speeds between 19 and 63 km/h the deterioration
factor, DF, is found as an interpolation between UDF and EUDF. Secondly the deterioration factors,
one for each of the three road types, are aggregated into layers by taking into account the vehicle
numbers and annual mileages per first registration year:
Where DF is the deterioration factor.
(
)
∑
')
,
=
,
=
(
)
(
)
') (5)
') ⋅ 1
∑
=
(
)
Emissions and fuel use for hot engines
Emissions and fuel use results for operationally hot engines are calculated for each year and for
layer and road type. The procedure is to combine fuel use and emission factors (and deterioration
factors for catalyst vehicles), number of vehicles, annual mileage numbers and their road type
shares given in Table 3.22. For non-catalyst vehicles this yields:
⋅ 1
,
,
⋅ 0
,
,
( ,
, () ,
, ⋅ 6 ⋅ 1 ,
⋅ 0 ,
= (6)
Here E = fuel use/emission, EF = fuel use/emission factor, S = road type share, k = road type.
For catalyst vehicles the calculation becomes:
( ,
, ') ,
, ⋅ () ,
,
⋅ 6 ⋅ 1 ,
⋅ 0 ,
= (7)
Extra emissions and fuel use for cold engines
Extra emissions of SO , NO , NMVOC, CH , CO, CO , PM and fuel consumption from cold start are
2 X 4 2
simulated separately. In the COPERT III model each trip is associated with an amount of cold start
emission and is assumed to take place under urban driving conditions. The number of trips is distributed
evenly in months. First cold emission factors are calculated as the hot emission factor
95