TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22 - Center for ...

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7–24 Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed ORNL has developed fuel consumption and emissions lookup tables for the Federal Highway Administration, for use in their TRAF series of traffic models (NETSIM, CORSIM, FRESIM), although more generic uses are also possible. To develop the data- based models, vehicles are tested both on-road and on a chassis dynamometer. Engine parameters are measured on-road under real-world driving conditions that cover the vehicle's entire operating envelope. Emissions and fuel consumption are then measured on the chassis dynamometer as functions of engine conditions. The two data sets are merged to produce the final three-dimensional maps as functions of vehicle speed and acceleration. Eight well- functioning, late-model vehicles, and one 1997 model vehicle, have been tested thus far in fully warmed-up conditions. Similar continuing work is planned for the Department of Energy as well as FHWA, which will include more well-functioning, late-model vehicles, pre-control (1960's) vehicles, malfunctioning high-emitter vehicles, light-duty diesel vehicles (cars and pickup trucks), alternative fuel vehicles, and possibly heavy-duty diesel vehicles. ORNL will also be developing cold-start algorithms to enhance the existing models, since emissions and fuel economy generally improve as vehicles warm up to normal operating temperatures. For further information regarding this study please contact: Scott Sluder Phone: 865-241-9133 Fuels, Combustion, and Engine Technology Fax: 865-241-1747 P.O. Box 2009, Building 9108 email: sluders@ornl.gov Oak Ridge, TN 37831-8087 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Vehicle Table 7.23 Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study Curb weight Engine Fuel delivery system a a PFI = port fuel injection. TBI = throttle- body fuel injection. Transmission TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002 EPA fuel economy City Highway 1988 Chevrolet Corsica 2,665 2.8 liter V6 PFI M5 19 29 1994 Olds Cutlass Supreme 3,290 3.4 liter V6 PFI L4 17 26 1994 Oldsmobile 88 3,433 3.8 literV6 PFI L4 19 29 1994 Mercury Villager 4,020 3.0 liter V6 PFI L4 17 23 1995 Geo Prizm 2,359 1.6 liter I-4 PFI L3 26 30 1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee 3,820 4.0 liter I-6 PFI L4 15 20 1994 Chevrolet Pickup 4,020 5.7 liter V8 TBI L4 14 18 1993 Subaru Legacy 2,800 2.2 liter H4 PFI L4 22 29 1997 Toyota Celica 2,395 1.8 liter I4 PFI L4 27 34 Source: West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997 and additional project data, April 1998. 7–25
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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Users of the Transportation Energy
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHA
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK
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xviii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BO
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xx TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
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xxii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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1-2 Although the world has consumed
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1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
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1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
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1-8 This chart shows the volatility
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1-10 a First two quarters of 2001.
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1-12 Other parts of the world refin
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1-14 When crude oil and other hydro
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1-16 The U.S. share of the world’
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1-18 Transportation accounts for mo
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Source Chapter 2 Energy Summary Sta
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The Energy Information Administrati
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Oxygenates are blended with gasolin
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The 1999 data have been revised to
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About 22% of transportation energy
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Nearly all of the fuel ethanol used
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Great care should be taken when com
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Figure 2.3. Energy Intensities for
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Great care should be taken when com
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Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Global Warming Potentials (GWP) wer
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Gases which contain carbon can be m
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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GV: FRFG (btu/mile or grams/mile) T
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Source Chapter 4 Criteria Air Pollu
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The transportation sector accounted
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Historically, the transportation se
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Acronyms and Terms Used on Table 4.
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Table 4. 13 (Continued) Fuel-Cycle
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Table 4.14 Tier 2 Emission Standard
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
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Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
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California's Low-Emission Vehicle r
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5-6 Though the cost of crude oil ce
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5-8 The fuel prices shown here are
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5-10 Table 5.7 State Taxes on Motor
Page 112 and 113: 5-12 As of January 2001, only five
Page 114 and 115: 5-14 In current dollars, import car
Page 116 and 117: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 118 and 119: 5-18 In 1999 there were 7.7 employe
Page 120 and 121: 5-20 Eleven percent of employed civ
Page 124 and 125: 6-4 VEHICLES IN USE Both the Federa
Page 126 and 127: 6-6 The line on this graph shows th
Page 128 and 129: 6-8 The trend of using two-axle, fo
Page 132 and 133: 6-12 The average age of trucks (cla
Page 140 and 141: 7-2 The Federal Highway Administrat
Page 142 and 143: 7-4 Because data on Class 2b trucks
Page 144 and 145: 7-6 In 2000, light trucks, which in
Page 146 and 147: 7-8 Light truck sales have more tha
Page 148 and 149: 7-10 This graph shows the emergence
Page 150 and 151: 7-12 Table 7.11 Sales-Weighted Engi
Page 152 and 153: 7-14 The sales-weighted interior sp
Page 154 and 155: 7-16 The average auto lost over 300
Page 156 and 157: 7-18 The number of conventional ref
Page 158 and 159: 7-20 The Corporate Average Fuel Eco
Page 160 and 161: 7-22 Consumers must pay the Gas Guz
Page 164 and 165: 7-26 The two earlier studies by the
Page 166 and 167: 7-28 Of the tested vehicles, the 19
Page 168 and 169: 7-30 The New York Test Cycle was de
Page 170 and 171: 7-32 Researchers at Argonne Nationa
Page 172 and 173: 7-34 Total traffic fatalities were
Page 174 and 175: 7-36 In 2000, nearly 38% of all pas
Page 176 and 177: Source Chapter 8 Heavy Vehicles and
Page 178 and 179: Combination trucks include all truc
Page 180 and 181: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
Page 182 and 183: As expected, most light trucks trav
Page 184 and 185: In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
Page 186 and 187: Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
Page 188 and 189: Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
Page 190 and 191: There are currently not many source
Page 192 and 193: 9-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
Page 194 and 195: 9-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
Page 196 and 197: 9-6 This list includes public and p
Page 198 and 199: 9-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
Page 200 and 201: 10-2 Significant changes have been
Page 202 and 203: 10-4 The average length of service
Page 204 and 205: 10-6 Table 10.5 Federal Government
Page 206 and 207: 10-8 The Energy Policy Act of 1992
Page 208 and 209: 11-2 Vehicle-miles are growing at a
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11-6 1995 Nationwide Personal Trans
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11-8 The 1995 NPTS data should be c
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11-10 Vans and sport utility vehicl
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11-12 Less than 27% of all househol
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11-14 Historically, the data from t
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11-16 According to the U.S. Census
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11-18 Sales of bicycles with wheel
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11-20 1995 American Travel Survey T
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11-22 Those with a household income
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12-4 In the early seventies, domest
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12-8 The Interstate Commerce Commis
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12-10 The “other” category, whi
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12-12 The National Railroad Passeng
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12-14 This table on transit rail op
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A-2 List of Abbreviations Used in A
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A-4 Motorcycles Buses DOT, FHWA, Hi
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A-6 Trucks Light Trucks: DOT, FHWA,
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A-8 Off-highway energy use Diesel:
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A-10 Domestic and International Air
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A-12 Recreational Boating: Fuel use
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A-14 Year Natural gas (million cubi
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A-16 Passenger: Commuter - APTA, 20
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A-18 Calculation of Million Barrels
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A-20 Motorcycles Number of vehicles
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A-22 Transit Number of vehicles, ve
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A-24 Light trucks Btu per vehicle-m
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A-26 Truck Freight Movement and Ene
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A-28 Automobiles Highway Vehicle St
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A-30 Then, the number of trucks in
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A-32 Sales - Domestic and import to
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A-34 Light Fleet Vehicle Travel Aut
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APPENDIX B CONVERSIONS A Note About
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Table B.2 Fuel Equivalents 1 millio
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Table B.5 Distance and Velocity Con
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FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table B.8
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Table B.10 Fuel Efficiency Conversi
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Table B.12 Metric Units and Abbrevi
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APPENDIX C CENSUS DIVISIONS AND REG
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in s
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Crude oil imports - The volume of c
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volume. There are other fuels that
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Kerosene - A petroleum distillate i
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Natural gas, wet: The volume of nat
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of petroleum products, and the prim
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Sales period - October 1 of the pre
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey -
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I-2 Acquisitions Federal Fleet Vehi
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I-4 Average Annual Expenditures of
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I-6 Certificated Summary Statistics
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I-8 Consumption (continued) U.S. Ca
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I-10 Distance Long-Distance Trips b
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I-12 Emissions World Carbon Emissio
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I-14 Exhaust (continued) Federal Ex
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I-16 Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhou
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I-18 Tax Receipts from the Sale of
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I-20 Tonnage Statistics for Domesti
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I-22 Vehicle-Miles by Trip Purpose,
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I-24 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle
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I-26 PM PMT Policy United States Pe
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I-28 Summary Statistics for Commute
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I-30 versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Eco
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I-32 Federal Exhaust Emission Certi
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I-34 Surveys Growth of Freight in t
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I-36 Trips Truck Household 1969, 19
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I-38 Vehicle-Miles by Trip Purpose,
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I-40 Weighted Sales-Weighted Engine
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