TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22 - Center for ...

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Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were developed to allow comparison of each greenhouse gas’ ability to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide. Extensive research has been performed and it has been discovered that the effects of various gases on global warming are too complex to be precisely summarized by a single number. Further understanding of the subject also causes frequent changes to estimates. Despite that, the scientific community has developed approximations, which are shown below. Most analysts use the 100-year time horizon. Table 3.2 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared With Carbon Dioxide (kilogram of gas per kilogram of carbon dioxide) Lifetime Global warming potential direct effect for time horizons of Gas (years) 20 years 100 years 500 years Carbon Dioxide 5-200a 1 1 1 Methane 12 62 23 7 Nitrous Oxide HFCs 114 275 296 156 b , PFCsc , and Sulfur Hexafluoride HFC-23 260 9,400 12,000 10,000 HFC-125 29 5,900 3,400 1,100 HFC-134a 14 3,300 1,300 400 HFC-152a 1 410 120 37 HFC-227ea 33 5,600 3,500 1,100 Perfluoromethane (CF4) 50,000 3,900 5,700 8,900 Perfluoroethane (C2F6) 10,000 8,000 11,900 18,000 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 3,200 15,100 22,200 32,400 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2000, Washington, DC, November 2001, Table 3. Original source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov, www.ipcc.ch) Note: The typical uncertainty for global warming potentials is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ± 35 percent. a No single lifetime can be defined for carbon dioxide due to different rates of uptake by different removal processes. b Hydrofluorocarbons c Perfluorocarbons TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002 3–3
3–4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 2000 were 17% higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide accounts for the majority of greenhouse gases. Table 3.3 Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2000 Greenhouse gas Unit of measure a 1990 1995 1999 2000 Carbon dioxide million metric tons of gas 4,969.4 5,273.5 5,630.7 5,805.5 million metric tons of carbon 1,355.0 1,438.0 1,536.0 1,583.0 Methane million metric tons of gas 31.7 31.1 28.7 28.2 million metric tons of carbon (gwp) b 199.0 195.0 180.0 177.0 Nitrous oxide million metric tons of gas 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 million metric tons of carbon (gwp) b 94.0 101.0 100.0 99.0 c b HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 million metric tons of carbon (gwp) 30.0 35.0 45.0 47.0 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2000, Washington, DC, November 2001, Tables ES1 andES2. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) a Gases that contain carbon can be measured either in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas or just in terms of their carbon content. See Appendix B, Table B.5 for details. b Based on global warming potential. c HFC-hydrofluorocarbons. PFC-perfluorocarbons. SF6-sulfur hexaflouride. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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Users of the Transportation Energy
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHA
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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Page 24 and 25: 1-2 Although the world has consumed
Page 26 and 27: 1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
Page 28 and 29: 1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
Page 30 and 31: 1-8 This chart shows the volatility
Page 32 and 33: 1-10 a First two quarters of 2001.
Page 34 and 35: 1-12 Other parts of the world refin
Page 36 and 37: 1-14 When crude oil and other hydro
Page 38 and 39: 1-16 The U.S. share of the world’
Page 40 and 41: 1-18 Transportation accounts for mo
Page 42 and 43: Source Chapter 2 Energy Summary Sta
Page 44 and 45: The Energy Information Administrati
Page 46 and 47: Oxygenates are blended with gasolin
Page 48 and 49: The 1999 data have been revised to
Page 50 and 51: About 22% of transportation energy
Page 52 and 53: The Federal Highway Administration
Page 54 and 55: Nearly all of the fuel ethanol used
Page 56 and 57: Great care should be taken when com
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.3. Energy Intensities for
Page 60 and 61: Great care should be taken when com
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Page 66 and 67: Gases which contain carbon can be m
Page 68 and 69: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 70 and 71: GV: FRFG (btu/mile or grams/mile) T
Page 72 and 73: Source Chapter 4 Criteria Air Pollu
Page 74 and 75: The transportation sector accounted
Page 84 and 85: Historically, the transportation se
Page 86 and 87: Acronyms and Terms Used on Table 4.
Page 88 and 89: Table 4. 13 (Continued) Fuel-Cycle
Page 90 and 91: Table 4.14 Tier 2 Emission Standard
Page 92 and 93: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 94 and 95: Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
Page 100 and 101: California's Low-Emission Vehicle r
Page 106 and 107: 5-6 Though the cost of crude oil ce
Page 108 and 109: 5-8 The fuel prices shown here are
Page 110 and 111: 5-10 Table 5.7 State Taxes on Motor
Page 112 and 113: 5-12 As of January 2001, only five
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5-14 In current dollars, import car
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
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5-18 In 1999 there were 7.7 employe
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5-20 Eleven percent of employed civ
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6-4 VEHICLES IN USE Both the Federa
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6-6 The line on this graph shows th
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6-8 The trend of using two-axle, fo
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6-12 The average age of trucks (cla
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7-2 The Federal Highway Administrat
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7-4 Because data on Class 2b trucks
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7-6 In 2000, light trucks, which in
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7-8 Light truck sales have more tha
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7-10 This graph shows the emergence
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7-12 Table 7.11 Sales-Weighted Engi
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7-14 The sales-weighted interior sp
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7-16 The average auto lost over 300
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7-18 The number of conventional ref
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7-20 The Corporate Average Fuel Eco
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7-22 Consumers must pay the Gas Guz
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7-24 Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed
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7-26 The two earlier studies by the
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7-28 Of the tested vehicles, the 19
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7-30 The New York Test Cycle was de
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7-32 Researchers at Argonne Nationa
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7-34 Total traffic fatalities were
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7-36 In 2000, nearly 38% of all pas
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Source Chapter 8 Heavy Vehicles and
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Combination trucks include all truc
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
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As expected, most light trucks trav
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In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
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There are currently not many source
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9-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
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9-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
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9-6 This list includes public and p
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9-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
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10-2 Significant changes have been
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10-4 The average length of service
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10-6 Table 10.5 Federal Government
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10-8 The Energy Policy Act of 1992
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11-2 Vehicle-miles are growing at a
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11-6 1995 Nationwide Personal Trans
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11-8 The 1995 NPTS data should be c
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11-10 Vans and sport utility vehicl
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11-12 Less than 27% of all househol
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11-14 Historically, the data from t
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11-16 According to the U.S. Census
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11-18 Sales of bicycles with wheel
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11-20 1995 American Travel Survey T
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11-22 Those with a household income
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12-4 In the early seventies, domest
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12-8 The Interstate Commerce Commis
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12-10 The “other” category, whi
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12-12 The National Railroad Passeng
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12-14 This table on transit rail op
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A-2 List of Abbreviations Used in A
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A-4 Motorcycles Buses DOT, FHWA, Hi
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A-6 Trucks Light Trucks: DOT, FHWA,
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A-8 Off-highway energy use Diesel:
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A-10 Domestic and International Air
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A-12 Recreational Boating: Fuel use
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A-14 Year Natural gas (million cubi
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A-16 Passenger: Commuter - APTA, 20
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A-18 Calculation of Million Barrels
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A-20 Motorcycles Number of vehicles
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A-22 Transit Number of vehicles, ve
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A-24 Light trucks Btu per vehicle-m
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A-26 Truck Freight Movement and Ene
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A-28 Automobiles Highway Vehicle St
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A-30 Then, the number of trucks in
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A-32 Sales - Domestic and import to
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A-34 Light Fleet Vehicle Travel Aut
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APPENDIX B CONVERSIONS A Note About
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Table B.2 Fuel Equivalents 1 millio
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Table B.5 Distance and Velocity Con
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FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table B.8
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Table B.10 Fuel Efficiency Conversi
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Table B.12 Metric Units and Abbrevi
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APPENDIX C CENSUS DIVISIONS AND REG
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in s
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Crude oil imports - The volume of c
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volume. There are other fuels that
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Kerosene - A petroleum distillate i
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Natural gas, wet: The volume of nat
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of petroleum products, and the prim
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Sales period - October 1 of the pre
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey -
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I-2 Acquisitions Federal Fleet Vehi
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I-4 Average Annual Expenditures of
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I-6 Certificated Summary Statistics
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I-8 Consumption (continued) U.S. Ca
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I-10 Distance Long-Distance Trips b
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I-12 Emissions World Carbon Emissio
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I-14 Exhaust (continued) Federal Ex
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I-16 Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhou
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I-18 Tax Receipts from the Sale of
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I-20 Tonnage Statistics for Domesti
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I-22 Vehicle-Miles by Trip Purpose,
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I-24 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle
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I-26 PM PMT Policy United States Pe
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I-28 Summary Statistics for Commute
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I-30 versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Eco
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I-32 Federal Exhaust Emission Certi
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I-34 Surveys Growth of Freight in t
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I-36 Trips Truck Household 1969, 19
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I-38 Vehicle-Miles by Trip Purpose,
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I-40 Weighted Sales-Weighted Engine
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