Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode. Year (Btu per vehicle-mile) Table 2.12 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2000 Automobiles Transit b (Btu per passenger-mile) Light truck a (Btu per vehicle-mile) (Btu per vehicle-mile) aAll two-axle, four-tire trucks. bSeries not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public Transit Association (APTA). c2000 data are not yet available. Buses (Btu per passenger-mile) <strong>TRANSPORTATION</strong> <strong>ENERGY</strong> <strong>DATA</strong> <strong>BOOK</strong>: <strong>EDITION</strong> <strong>22</strong>—2002 Intercity (Btu per passenger-mile) 1970 9,250 4,868 12,479 31,796 2,472 1,674 1975 8,993 4,733 11,879 33,748 2,814 988 1976 9,113 4,796 11,523 34,598 2,896 1,007 1977 8,950 4,710 11,160 35,120 2,889 970 1978 8,839 4,693 10,807 36,603 2,883 976 1979 8,647 4,632 10,467 36,597 2,795 1,028 1980 7,916 4,279 10,<strong>22</strong>4 36,553 2,813 1,082 1981 7,670 4,184 9,997 37,745 3,027 1,051 1982 7,465 4,109 9,268 38,766 3,237 1,172 1983 7,365 4,092 9,124 37,962 3,177 1,286 1984 7,202 4,066 8,931 38,705 3,307 954 1985 7,164 4,110 8,730 38,876 3,423 964 1986 7,194 4,197 8,560 37,889 3,545 870 1987 6,959 4,128 8,359 36,247 3,594 940 1988 6,683 4,033 8,119 36,673 3,706 963 1989 6,589 4,046 7,746 36,754 3,732 964 1990 6,169 3,856 7,746 37,374 3,794 962 1991 5,912 3,695 7,351 37,732 3,877 963 1992 5,956 3,723 7,239 40,243 4,310 964 1993 6,087 3,804 7,182 39,043 4,262 962 1994 6,024 3,765 7,212 40,147 4,609 964 1995 5,902 3,689 7,208 40,004 4,643 964 1996 5,874 3,671 7,247 40,200 4,675 963 1997 5,797 3,623 7,251 41,423 4,744 963 1998 5,767 3,604 7,261 43,880 4,688 963 1999 5,821 3,638 7,330 42,953 4,610 964 2000 5,669 3,543 7,140 43,817 4,775 c Average annual percentage change 1970–2000 -1.6% -1.1% -1.8% 1.1% 2.2% c 1990–2000 -0.8% -0.8% -0.8% 1.6% 2.3% c Source: See Appendix A <strong>for</strong> Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities. Note: Automobile data series changed historically. See Appendix A <strong>for</strong> methodology details. 2–15
2–16 Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. Table 2.13 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2000 Air Rail Certificated General Intercity Rail Commuter air carriers aviation Amtrak transit rail (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per (Btu per Year passenger-mile) passenger-mile) passenger-mile) passenger-mile) passenger-mile 1970 10,282 10,374 a 2,453 a 1975 7,826 10,658 3,677 2,962 a 1976 7,511 10,769 3,397 2,971 a 1977 6,990 11,695 3,568 2,691 a 1978 6,144 11,305 3,683 2,210 a 1979 5,607 10,787 3,472 2,794 a 1980 5,561 11,497 3,176 3,008 a 1981 5,774 11,123 2,957 2,946 a 1982 5,412 13,015 3,156 3,069 a 1983 5,133 11,331 2,957 3,212 a 1984 5,298 11,454 3,027 3,732 3,011 1985 5,053 11,707 2,800 3,461 3,053 1986 5,011 11,935 2,574 3,531 3,174 1987 4,827 11,496 2,537 3,534 3,043 1988 4,861 11,794 2,462 3,585 3,075 1989 4,844 10,<strong>22</strong>9 2,731 3,397 3,120 1990 4,875 10,146 2,609 3,453 3,068 1991 4,662 9,869 2,503 3,710 3,011 1992 4,516 9,785 2,610 3,575 2,848 1993 4,490 9,653 2,646 3,687 3,<strong>22</strong>2 1994 4,397 9,163 2,357 3,828 2,904 1995 4,349 9,870 2,590 3,818 2,849 1996 4,172 9,258 2,792 3,444 2,796 1997 4,166 9,688 2,918 3,253 2,946 1998 4,146 11,252 2,900 3,216 2,859 1999 4,061 12,748 3,062 3,168 2,929 2000 3,952 12,975 2,902 3,105 2,759 Average annual percentage change 1970–2000 -3.1% 0.7% -0.9% b 0.8% -0.5% b 1990–2000 -2.0% 2.5% 1.1% -1.1% -1.1% Source: See Appendix A <strong>for</strong> Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities. a Data are not available. b Average annual percentage change begins with the earliest year possible. <strong>TRANSPORTATION</strong> <strong>ENERGY</strong> <strong>DATA</strong> <strong>BOOK</strong>: <strong>EDITION</strong> <strong>22</strong>—2002
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Users of the Transportation Energy
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5-6 Though the cost of crude oil ce
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5-8 The fuel prices shown here are
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5-10 Table 5.7 State Taxes on Motor
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5-12 As of January 2001, only five
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5-14 In current dollars, import car
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5-18 In 1999 there were 7.7 employe
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5-20 Eleven percent of employed civ
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6-4 VEHICLES IN USE Both the Federa
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6-6 The line on this graph shows th
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6-8 The trend of using two-axle, fo
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6-12 The average age of trucks (cla
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7-2 The Federal Highway Administrat
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7-4 Because data on Class 2b trucks
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7-6 In 2000, light trucks, which in
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7-8 Light truck sales have more tha
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7-10 This graph shows the emergence
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7-12 Table 7.11 Sales-Weighted Engi
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7-14 The sales-weighted interior sp
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7-16 The average auto lost over 300
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7-18 The number of conventional ref
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7-20 The Corporate Average Fuel Eco
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7-22 Consumers must pay the Gas Guz
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7-24 Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed
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7-26 The two earlier studies by the
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7-28 Of the tested vehicles, the 19
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7-30 The New York Test Cycle was de
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7-32 Researchers at Argonne Nationa
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7-34 Total traffic fatalities were
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7-36 In 2000, nearly 38% of all pas
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Source Chapter 8 Heavy Vehicles and
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Combination trucks include all truc
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
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In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
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There are currently not many source
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9-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
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9-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
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9-6 This list includes public and p
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9-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
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10-2 Significant changes have been
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10-4 The average length of service
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10-6 Table 10.5 Federal Government
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10-8 The Energy Policy Act of 1992
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11-2 Vehicle-miles are growing at a
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11-6 1995 Nationwide Personal Trans
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11-8 The 1995 NPTS data should be c
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11-10 Vans and sport utility vehicl
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11-12 Less than 27% of all househol
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11-14 Historically, the data from t
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11-16 According to the U.S. Census
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11-18 Sales of bicycles with wheel
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11-20 1995 American Travel Survey T
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12-10 The “other” category, whi
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12-12 The National Railroad Passeng
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12-14 This table on transit rail op
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A-2 List of Abbreviations Used in A
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A-4 Motorcycles Buses DOT, FHWA, Hi
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A-6 Trucks Light Trucks: DOT, FHWA,
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A-8 Off-highway energy use Diesel:
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A-10 Domestic and International Air
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A-12 Recreational Boating: Fuel use
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A-14 Year Natural gas (million cubi
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A-16 Passenger: Commuter - APTA, 20
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A-18 Calculation of Million Barrels
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A-20 Motorcycles Number of vehicles
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A-22 Transit Number of vehicles, ve
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A-24 Light trucks Btu per vehicle-m
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A-26 Truck Freight Movement and Ene
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A-28 Automobiles Highway Vehicle St
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A-32 Sales - Domestic and import to
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APPENDIX B CONVERSIONS A Note About
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Table B.2 Fuel Equivalents 1 millio
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Table B.5 Distance and Velocity Con
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FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table B.8
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Table B.10 Fuel Efficiency Conversi
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Table B.12 Metric Units and Abbrevi
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in s
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Crude oil imports - The volume of c
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volume. There are other fuels that
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Kerosene - A petroleum distillate i
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Natural gas, wet: The volume of nat
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of petroleum products, and the prim
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Sales period - October 1 of the pre
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey -
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I-2 Acquisitions Federal Fleet Vehi
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I-4 Average Annual Expenditures of
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I-6 Certificated Summary Statistics
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I-8 Consumption (continued) U.S. Ca
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I-10 Distance Long-Distance Trips b
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I-12 Emissions World Carbon Emissio
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I-14 Exhaust (continued) Federal Ex
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I-16 Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhou
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I-18 Tax Receipts from the Sale of
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I-20 Tonnage Statistics for Domesti
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I-22 Vehicle-Miles by Trip Purpose,
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I-24 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle
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I-26 PM PMT Policy United States Pe
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I-28 Summary Statistics for Commute
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I-30 versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Eco
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I-32 Federal Exhaust Emission Certi
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I-40 Weighted Sales-Weighted Engine