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January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Atilla: the Whip of God, Scourge of the World (“Atilla, flagellum Dei, malleus orbis”) Numerous books have been written and several films have been made about the great Emperor of the Huns–Magyars. The majority of these present the “primitive” leader from the point of view of the “later victors”; so they show the quite prejudiced opinion of Indo-German authors. But Atilla – although he could have done so – did not plunder Rome like the Vandals, did not throw his enemies to beasts like the Romans and did not torture the “unbeliever” aborigines to death like the Spanish conquerors “spreading civilisation”. For Hungarians, Atilla was a national hero for many centuries – King Matthias the Just, one of the greatest Hungarian kings from the 15 th century, considered himself the reincarnation of Atilla –, just as important a personality as Genghis Khan for Mongolians or President Roosevelt for North-Americans. The Atilla-mythology commemorates the flaming sword of the War Lord, which was found and brought to Emperor Atilla by a shepherd. Before this Atilla had a predictive dream, in which the War God gave him a sword to create order among the nations. In the picture, the mature, wise, unstoppable but just king is departing to battle with this sword. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 170
January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ OBRUSÁNSZKY, Borbála I. V. Otroshenko. The Role of the Buddhist Church in the Mongolian National Movement (1905-1911) Author: I. V. Otroshenko Title: Roli buddiyskoy tserkvi u nationalino-vizvolinomy Rusi Mongolii (1905-1911) [The Role of the Buddhist Church in the Mongolian National Movement (1905-1911)] Publisher: Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kyiv Year of publishing: 2005 Language: Ukrainian Number of pages: 296 ISBN: 966-02-3501-1 This monograph examines the influence of the religious factor on the development of the liberation idea and movement within the Mongolian society at the beginning of the 20 th century. One of its main merits is the use of original archive sources and authentic photographs. The history and social functions of the Buddhist community of Outer Mongolia are investigated in depth, and great attention is paid to the role of the 13 th Dalai Lama and 8 th Bogdo gegen (the later was the head of the Mongolian Buddhist Church) in the Mongolian liberation movement. The sources show that the peculiar historical development of Mongolia has determined the broad participation of the clergy in political life even prior to obtaining state independence. The great authority of the church influenced Mongolian society thoroughly: concentration of broad social functions, comparatively developed organisation, reliable economic base, — all these factors have facilitated the Buddhist hierarchy’s transition to dynamic political activity that took place in the beginning of the 20 th century. Since the years 1905-1906, catalyzed by the policy of the Tibetan governor 13 th Dalai Lama, we witness the beginning of the movement for the separation of Mongolia from the Manchu Empire; he even suggested to the Mongolian elite to request help from Russia. Representatives of both the high clergy and ordinary Lamas took active part in the liberation movement of 1911, when Mongolia got independence from the collapsed Manchu Empire. Certainly, the _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 171
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