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January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ CZEGLÉDI, Katalin The Name of Hungarian People «hungar» in the Mirror of Geographycal Names The original names of Finno-Ugrian people are given mostly by fields or rivers where these people lived. This statement is neither refuted nor confirmed by linguists yet. (Hunfalvy 1876:389) 1. One of the Hungarian ethnonyms is hungar, and the country is also named Hungary, Ungarn, Hongrie, Vengrija (KISS, FNESz). The ethnonym hungar has not got a clear etymology. According to sources the name hungar can be related to the names: ogur, ogurda, ungri, hunugur, ugri, nukurda, nukarda, hujur; Jura, jugra, ugra, Hungaria, Unkurijja. The first mentions of the ogurs and onogurs occured in the region of Kuban and in the Western regions of mouth of the Volga River. The ogurs and onogurs are the same as the hun, savir, magyar peoples. The territory of Bashkir was named Hungary in the East and South of the Mezen River. The linguists do not interpret the sources in the same way. We have separated the views: 1.1. The Ugra was home of the hun people and they spoke the same language as magyars (MACARTNEY 1968:272). Hunnivar is a river, not a castle name. The ogor is included in the legends of Vogulish people. The river names are on the top regions of Sosva and Sigva rivers next to Ural, wich are famous as ethnonyms. That two rivers have Syrjan name Jögra and Russian name Vogul (HUNFALVY 1876:389). The names onogur, hunugur, unigur are rather geographical concepts (ZICHY 1923). The name hungar has a consonant-relations nasal and explosive (-ng-) problem. The relation of consonant (-nk-) had a denasality in the Syrjan and Hungarian languages, so we understand the form yugra (HAJDU 1952:264-269). Menandros mentioned the ogurs and onogurs as two different people, but did not say they whether they were different people speaking the same or different languages (HALASI- KUN 1986:71-100). _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 72
January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2. The name hungar came from Turkish languages The ethnonym is primary and the name of the territory is secondary. The ugor was a western Turkish language, and the ugor came from unnugur. The ugors were in contact with Turkish people for 500 years in the East from the curve of the Volga River. Jugria keeps the memory of the Bulgarian-Turkish people from the Ural region. The most ancient variant is the form Ugra, and j- as a front vowel is a normal Russian result, Syrjan forms Jögra, Jogra are from Russian (NÉMETH 1991:22, 142). The form ugra is more original and the jugra is a following. The obi-ugor was the name as a summary name of the Vogulish and Ostjakish people. The Turkish form onogur came from ongur as an old Russian name of Hungarian people and sounded ongri around the 9 th century in the old Russian. The following unnasalised forms ugre, ugri are names of Hungarian people in the Russian Chronicles. The borrowing of the form onogur was in South-Russia, but the borrowing of the form jugor was in the North of the Ural region. The begining j- of Jugra was in other Russian word too, but the ending -a is the affix of the region and of the ethnonyms, the same as the ending -a of the following words: merja, muroma, cseremisza, Obdora. The name Jugra is a faultless derivation and its meaning is nation `Vogulish-Ostjakish` (ZSIRAI 1928-1930:446). The Hungarian people could borrow the name onogur, ugor from onogur people in the region Kuban and from the Bulgarians in Volga region. The Magyars had 4 influences of Bulgarian language: 1. The Magyars moved to the latest Bashkir-Volga-Bulgarian region around 500 A.D. 2. During the 9 th century in the land Pontus. 3. The influence of the Bulgarians from the Kasar land. 4. The influence of the Kavars. (CZEGLÉDY 1976:82-89). The onogurs appeared in the forefront of the Caucasus in the year 463, after them the Sabirs in the delta of Volga. The Kasars became stronger again and the ogurs migrated (CZEGLÉDY 1981:57-70). RÓNA-TAS András expressed his views about the ugor problem from a grammatical and historical point of view. We know from the sources that from 460 A.D. on the western shores of the Ural River groups of ogur or ugur people appeared, speaking r- Turkish that is a Chuvash type of Turkish language. This group came from the East, from the Kazakh steppe, so we must exact: where came the ogurs from. (RÓNA-TAS 1986:177). 1.3. Other opinions According to sources jugars are ancient people related to huns and Magyars. Jugria is the ancient land from where huns and Magyars moved to Pannonia. Jugria and ogur are the same. (GOMBOCZ 1923:171- 191). Juγur had previously the form ujiγur, from that could come ujγur and juγur (LIGETI 1931:300-314). Outskirts of Meotis, the patria Onogoria is the west side of the Kasar Empire. Ancient Hungarian people did live in this region in dependency of Kasars not in the time of Levedi but earlier. (LIGETI 1931:362). The name Jugra first occured in the Muslim, Arabic-Persian geographical literature in the 11-13 th centuries. The old Russian form could be onogur. The Hungarian peoples´ name was ugry but the name of Ural people was jugra. First the Onogur `Hungaria` can be located in South Russia and secondary Onogur in the Northern part of the Ural region as an ancient home of Magyars. We have to explain Jugra from ujgur. (VÁSÁRY 1982:247-259). There are different suggestions about the origin of the ethnonym hungar, but they all have problems (see RÓNA-TAS 1996:209-242). _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 73
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