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January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Fig. 7. Animals in the rows of Book of Kells: painted drawings from the coloring booklet Celtic Art. References: Bérczi Sz. (1986): Intuitive Mathematical-Technical Discoveries of Communal Arts. Exhibition on Symposium and Exhibition on Symmetry, Darmstadt Technical University, Darmstadt, 13-17 June 1986. Bérczi Sz. (1989): Symmetry and Technology in Ornamental Art of Old Hungarians and Avar- Onogurians from the Archaeological Finds of the Carpathian Basin, Seventh to Tenth Century A.D. (in: Symmetry 2.Ed .I. Hargittai, Computers Math. Applic. CAMWA) 17. No. 4-6. pp. 715- 730. Pergamon Press, Oxford Bérczi Sz. (1993): A műveltség rétegződése: Gondolkodási és cselekvési rendszerek.(214 old.) Természet és Környezetvédő Tanárok Egyesülete, Budapest. Bérczi Sz. (1996): Kelta kifestő. TKTE-Uniconstant, Budapest. Bérczi, Sz., Bérczi, K., Bérczi, Zs., Kabai S. (2001): Coloring Booklet Series about the Arts of Central Eurasia with Rich Heritage of Ethnomathematical Ornamental Arts. Symmetry: Culture and Science, 12. No. 1-2. p. 231-239. Megaw R., Megaw V. (2001): Celtic art. Thames and Hudson. Szabó M. (1971): Kelták nyomában Magyarországon, Corvina, Budapest. Szabó M., Petres É. (1971): Decorated weapons of the La Tène Iron Age in the Carpathian Basin. Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 54
January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ OBRUSÁNSZKY, Borbála State Structure of the Huns In the past few centuries many scientists — historians, orientalists — dealt with the questions regarding the Hunnic statehood. Most of the European scholars focused on Attila’s European Empire, but they have not enough historical sources in order to describe this Empire as a whole system, because the late ancient Greek and Latin historical sources (4-5 th centuries) fragmentally recorded Attila’s state and its governance, hence it is very difficult to reconstruct the state of the European Hunnic Empire from these sources only. In order to reveal the managing system of the huge empire, historians and orientalists have worked out a comparative system, from which the reconstruction of the operation of the Hunnic Empire becomes fairly precise. They used the results of several scientific fields like archaeology, history, linguistics, history, numismatics, and ethnography. Main results Among the European scientific researchers, the first man, who composed a significant publication about the Huns was Deguignes. He collected and printed those ancient Chinese sources, which recorded the life and history of the Huns. Next to that he wrote analyses about the origin of the great people of that time. Additionally, he listed those, who could be the descendants of the Huns; he listed the Turkic people, the Mongolians and the Hungarians. His great work determined the European scientific way of thinking until the second half of the 19 th century. Unfortunately, the positivist historical theory broke with the above mentioned scientific methods, which was based on historical sources, and historians “removed” Huns from the history of the world, and mentioned the Huns a few times and even then as “wild and barbaric” people. On the places the Huns populated these historians put fictive nations, and the Eurasian territory was populated with unknown Siberian people; they called them first “Finn-like people”, then Finno-Ugric, at present they are named Uralic. These peoples actually have no historical roots, we do not possess any historical sources about them, which would record their appearance in the past and the archaeological findings do not belong to them. 1 In the field of Oriental Studies Stein Aurel’s expeditions represented a great leap forward. Thanks to his activity, the European scholars became familiar with the documents of the Dunhuang libraries, and it became obvious, what a flourishing civilisations populated the territories of Eastern-Turkestan from the ancient times. In the written documents we read about such local people, as the Scythians 2 and the Huns, and then about those peoples, who inherited their heritage. Roughly at the same time, in 1899, the first Hunnic tombs were excavated in the Russian Far-East, and in the course of the 20 th century significant artefacts of the Huns´ material culture were discovered, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The above mentioned large documents were studied by several Sinologists and historians, who researched among 1 About the theories: Marcantonio, 2002. 2 According to the scholars, Yue-chi in Chinese sources was Saka or Scythian. Boodberg, 1977, 5. Christian, 1998. 190. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 55
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