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January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ earlier, Hunnic version, like the above mentioned titles. Therefore, as we can see from above, for the first time, besides the Shanyu, only the head of the wings got judicial rights in their appointed territories. In the late history of Huns, regarding its function, other name of the title appeared: gudouhou. As Sima Qian Shi Ji wrote, gudouhou assisted the shanyu in governance. Probably, it was the first stage of those title bearings. Later, the gudouhou became the leading judge of the empire. According to Uchiraltu, the gudouhou took part in judicial activities, and the pronunciation of the name was kutugu; 64 he also found that from the 2 nd century AD the Chinese sources mentioned it as the leading judge, and the name was preserved until the Mongolian Empire, too. 65 Some Chinese scholars are of opinion that there are other variants of qudouhou, like kadagu or katagu, etc, among those Huns, who moved westwards. 66 The data of the ancient Hungarian historical chronicles reinforce the above mentioned scholars’ point of view. They preserved a very significant tradition concerning the name and function of the Hunnic judge. The Hungarian Kézai-Simon’s Chronicle and the Képes Chronicle, which were composed from ancient sources and traditions, the Huns, after they had entered the Carpathian Basin, chose a chief-judge, who was Kadar, from the Torda-clan. 67 In these stories the title remained in use as a personal name. Besides the Hungarian sources there are many evidences that kadar was the name of the leading judge among Huns and their descendants. Gyula Moravcsik found such a Hunnic tribe as kadourioi in Theophanous’ chronicle; they lived in the 5-6 th centuries at the border of Persia. 68 It is very likely that the Khazarian title kadir was derived from it, because they lived exactly at the border of Persia, and they were one of the descendants of the Huns. As the Hungarian historian, Györffy György stated, the Khazarian kadir title is related to the Hungarian kadar. 69 It is an important result, which means that variants of the name for judge existed in Inner Asia. The following list of kadar-like titles shows its significance: there is kadar in the Uyghurian history, as Kharjaubay presented it. When he analysed the Uyghurian names, he realised that one name of the Uyghurian tribe was not kutugu, but we had to read it as kadar. 70 The Secret History of the Mongols recorded some tribal names, which might have connections with the Hun kutugu. We must notice that the chronicle was written down in the 13 th century, but it preserved early customs, and names. That is why we find kutuktu, 71 kutu, kadagin, katagin, etc. forms inside it. 72 Therefore, we have some evidence that the Huns and their descendants preserved the name of the judge in various kinds of forms, as personal or tribal name. 64 Uchiraltu, 2008. 42-49. The Inner Mongolian linguistics refers to the ascertainments of Chinese experts that next to the word kutugu there existed the other one, namely katagu. On this basis, the Hungarian tradition would be right. They recorded the chief judge as Kadar, but the Mongolian chronicles also had katagin, the latter is presently used as tribal name. 65 Uchiraltu, 2008. 42-49. 66 Uchiraltu, 2008. 42-49. 67 Képes Krónika 7. Györffy, 1986. 185. (Kézai Simon’s Chronicle) 68 Moravcsik, 1942. II. 133. 69 Györffy, 1986. 293. In footnote 399 the Hungarian historian wrote the following: “Kadir is a Khazarian title, which appeared in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Árpád-era in personal names, geographical names and the clan Kadarkalauz. 70 Kharjaubay, 1986, 46-47. 71 Kutuktu became an ecclesiatic expression for Mongolian Buddhism, so this name is used until present day. 72 MNT (The Secret History of the Mongols. 224. kadagin, 225. katagin, kutu, kudu, ad 226-227. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 66
January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Literature: BÁLINT, István János (ed.): Priszkosz rétor töredékeiből. Magyar Ház Könyvek 6. Budapest, 2000. BARFIELD, T. J.: The Hsiung-nu imperial confederacy: organisation and foreign policy. In: JAS 41. 41-61., 1981. BATSZAJHAN, Zagd: A hun népek története. Fordította: Obrusánszky Borbála. Farkas Lőrinc Imre, Budapest, 2006. BELLUS, Ibolya (transl.) Képes Krónika. I-II. Hasonmás kiadás. Helikon, Budapest. BOODBERG, Peter, A.: Selected paper of Peter A. Boodberg. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1979. BRASHINSKIJ, I. B.: Szkíta kincsek nyomában. Helikon, Budapest, 1985. BURNHAM, Philip: Spatial Mobility and Political Centralization in Pastoral Societies. In: Pastoral Production and Society. L’Equipe écologie et anthropologie des societies pastorals. Cambridge University Press, New York-Cambridge, 1979. CEVEENDORJ, D. - BAYAR, D. -ERDENEBAT, U.: Mongolin ertniy hot suurin sudalgaa. In: 139-190. Mongolin arheologiyn shinjleh uhaan. MongolUlsin Shinjleh Uhaani akademi. Ulaanbaatar, 2007. CHANG, Ch.: Chinese civilization. Harvard University Press. London-Massachusetts, 1974. CLAUSON Gerald: An Etimological dictionary of Pre-thirteenth century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. COSMO, Nicola di: Ancient Xinjiang between Central Asia and China. The Nomadic Factor. In: Anthropology & Archaeology of Eurasia. 87-100. 1996. Chernih, P. Ja: Istorika etimologicheszkij slovar sovremennogo russkogo yazika. Russkiy yazik, Moszkva. 1993. CHRISTIAN, David: A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. I. Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell, Massachusetts, 1998. CSORNAI, Katalin: Négy égtájon barbár csillag ragyog. Az ázsiai hunok a kínai forrásokban. László Gyula Egyesület, Budapest, 2007. CZUCZOR Gergely – FOGARASI János: A magyar nyelv szótára. Arcanum, Budapest, CD ROM, 2003. DeGROOT J. J. M.: Hunok és kínaiak. A hunok története a Kr. sz. előtti évszázadokban – kínai források alapján. Közzéteszi: Bakay Kornél-Csornai Katalin. Raspenna, Budapest, 2006. DESCHODT, Eric: Attila. Gallimard, 2006. DOMANSZKIJ, J. V.: A Kaukázus a késő bronzkorban és a korai vaskorban. 11-15. In: A szkíták aranya. A leningrádi Ermitázs vendégkiállítása. Katalógus. Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest, 1985. EBERHARD, W.: Conquerors and Rulers. Brill, Leiden, 1952. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 67
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