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January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ language there is no such word or root as “logad” or “lo”; it must be a foreign Scythian or Hunnic word. It would be interesting to investigate the parallel with the Hun descendant Székelys (Siculus), who had the following title as “lófő” (head of horses); they had the same role as logades or dachen in the course of the Middle Ages in the Hungarian Kingdom. Administration The analysis of the Hunnic administration was not a popular topic in the literature. In the past few years Eastern researchers (Russian, Japanese, Korean, etc.) analysed very deeply that question. They used their own traditions and written sources from various periods, and brought to light new results. They began to analyse this question form the earliest times, and according to them the bow stretching state came into existence in the time of the Huns. The heads of the Hun state as well as their descendants divided territories into three parts (Mongolian: gar, Turkic and Hungarian: kar). The Chinese sources give the exact places of the locations of the gars or wings; according to that, the eastern wing stretched from Ordos to Korea, the right one united people from the right bank of the Yellow River to the yue-zhi land (present-day Chinese Xinjiang). 36 The main wing – in the opinion of most scholars – was situated in present day Northern China, it is most likely that that was the Ordos plateau, and sometimes they chose as centre the surroundings of the Yin-shan Mountain. The main wing was managed by the Hunnic emperor, whose title in Chinese sources is shanyu/danhu 37 ; his court being the capital of the empire; the name of the center was called ordu or hordu. As the Inner Mongolian linguist, Uchiraltu, expressed, Chinese recorded the word as yutu, which is the equivalent of the above mentioned ordu. 38 The name ordu can be found later, Turkic, period, with the meaning of tribal or principal court. Later it became the mean military camp both in Mongolians and Osman Turkic. The Turkic word orta as center is similar to that, where the word refers to the main position of the emperor’s court. 39 The Russian gorod, or town, center belongs to that group; its ancient form was “ghordos”, which derived from the word ordu/hordu. 40 It is doubtful that the city suffix grad in the Carpathian Basin was the heritage of Slavs, because thousand years before them the bow stretching people had ruled the Eastern-European steppe and the Carpathian Basin as well. We can summarise from the above mentioned information that the Huns and their descendants held parliament (kurultay) in the main court or ordu and it functioned as administrative center of the empire. 36 Shi Ji. 110. 37 Regarding the Hunnic title for king, lots of researchers investigated, and tried to reconstruct that. Pulleyblank found connection with the Turkic tarkhan. (Csornai, 2007. 363.) Banzarov and Uchiraltu think it was the title of Tengri Khan, with the meaning of “burden people gathering khan”. In Chinese sources the translation of the danhu/shanyu is tian wang or tengri. Boodberg agreed Bazarov’s theory on shanyu title and he recorded that the word Chingis derived from that. The Mongolian Ishjamts and Kürsat-Ahlers agreed with Boodberg’s theory. In: Christian, 1998. 206. 38 Clauson, 1972. 203. 39 Clauson, 1972. 204. 40 The dictionary gives the root of the word as the form of *gher, which is similar to Mongolian ger or rounded tent. The explanation of gorod is the following: circular settlement, which was cultural and administrative center. The rethinking of that word is necessary for clarifying the Eastern-European and Hungarian history, because settlements there with the final word ’grad’ are not Slavic, but steppe originated. Csernih, 1993. 206. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 62
January-March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ The two main wings were managed by the xian wang (or wise king) 41 ; generally they belonged to the Hunnic ruling clan. According to the Hun tradition, the left wing was the place for the leading prince, the descendant of the emperor; he was the left sided xian wang. The power division was done with purpose, to allow the crown prince to prepare for the later tasks. The leader of the wing had to manage the civil and military administration, and the judicial system. Such a concentrated power was assigned to the Transylvanian gyula and Hungarian bans in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Chinese sources know that wise in Hunnic language is tuqi 42 . Lots of scholars tried to explain the meaning of the word during the last 150 years. Uchiraltu showed the connection with the Hunnic and Turkic title tegin (prince) and Early Mongolian sechen (wise). 43 But János Fogarasi thought that the root of the tuqi was similar to the Hungarian “tud” (to know), and its parallel roots can be found in the Mongolian tüsimel or officer, or Mongolian todun (clear, known). He found connection with the title tudun, which was a high rank among Avars and Turks, who reigned over a huge territory. 44 Concerning the title wang, it appeared in the history of the Huns, according to some scholars, when the Huns borrowed it from the Chinese. If we check it in the Chinese dictionary of titles, we can find that it is a rank with an unknown origin; 45 it is possible that that title arrived from the steppe and spread over through the wandering period. The Chinese wang has various forms as bán/ban in Parthia, Persia, but also in the Eastern-European states of the Avars, Croatia or the Hungarian Kingdom. According to some Hungarian scholars’ point of view, Avars brought that title in the 6 th century, but the Chinese sources point to its origins to an earlier period, probably from the Hunnic period. In the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom ban was the leader of an autonomous region. Regarding the origin of ban in Hungary, János Fogarasi showed its connection with Mongolian and Persian. He was the first, who stated that the Chinese wang and Hungarian ban had the same root. According to him the meaning of the title was the following: “lord, leader or prince”. 46 His theory was proved by foreign scholars, later Littleton and Malcor thinks that ban was a Sarmatian title in the course of late antiquity. 47 The Chinese Shi Ji recorded the division of the Hunnic state; there we met the expression of luli or guli wang. It was a fairly high rank: second only to the xiang wang. The meaning and function of this rank remains an unsolved question among scholars. According to the Hungarian scholar Katalin Csornai, the reading of this expression in Old Chinese pronunciation would be gyiukla, 48 and sounds in present-day 41 The title wang is not a Chinese title, but it originated from the steppe. See: Obrusánszky, 2007. 130-134. 42 Shi Ji, 110. 43 Uchiraltu, 2008. 18-28. 44 Czuczor-Fogarasi, 2003. 45 Hucker, 1985. 562. 46 Czuczor-Fogarasi, 2003. 47 Littleton-Malcor, 2005. 113. 48 (Csornai, 2007. 365.) She used Karlgren´s dictionary. _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2010 63
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