EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

330 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. A second reexcavation of the valley was followed by its third-epoch growth filling the last channel, and this growth was in process when Anau city was founded and the stream was probably wholly used for irrigation, and so the growth has continued till now in the form of irrigation sediments, raising the delta plain around our kurgans to a height of 20 feet above its ancient first-epoch surface on which the two kurgan oases were founded. In it there is more sand than in any of the preceding epochs and it is likewise more rapid in appearance. SUMMARY OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FACTS OF THE PAST PHYSIOGRAPHY OF ANAU. First cycle. Pliocene, Kopet Dagh worn to low relief. Immense deltas built. Second and third cycles (Quaternary). Two uplifts of Kopet Dagh and corresponding general sinking of plains, while the piedmont deltas of the first cycle are bent up along the base of the mountains. Valleys excavated and prolonged through old uptilted deltas to build new, smaller ones beyond. Fourth cycle (Postglacial). Mountains continue rising again and the new delta at Anau continues tilting, but so slowly that with sufficient alluviation it grows. Reaction to dry and formation of delta valley. Reaction to wet and alluviation of delta valley. North Kurgan founded. During oscillations in precipitation over the mountains, alluviation twice again falls below rate of tilt and our buried delta valley thus twice again comes to be. Precipitation now scarcely in excess of underground drainage. Dunes desiccated of grass and set free to encroach on the delta plains. OASES OF THE MURG-AB DELTA. THE RIVER MURG-AB AND THE TYPE-PECULIARITIES OF THE MERV OASES. PAST AND PRESENT. Rising in the mountains of Afghanistan and swollen by their melting snow and ice, the River Murg-ab issues north onto the plains of Transcaspia. There it splits over a large subaerial delta ioo miles from the mountains and inclosed by dunes of sand wind-sifted from its river silt. This far-expanded sea of drifting barkhans merges into the desert of Kara Kum, making the great delta a seat of oases extreme in desert isolation. At one time the Murg-ab may have joined the Oxus, and in still more remote antiquity may have flowed direct into an Aralo- Caspian Sea. Its chief oases may, therefore, in the past have changed through type V, type II, and finally into type Ia; from lake shore to river bank, and at last the oases of an isolated delta. From the time when it failed to join either Oxus or Tedjend or reach a sea, the Murg-ab flowed to build an independent delta, and its oases were delta-oases, which, in the course of centuries, moved with the delta out and back, or perhaps always back if the river shortened with continuous desiccation. Here and there upon the clay surface, and beyond the limits now attained by water or even where the sand is drifting in, are seen mounds of clay and crumbled walls, the ruins of ancient towns and cities.
OASES. 33I Prosperity of oases is wrought by two great factors, water-supply and geographical position. With the rivers of Central Asia, Murg-ab ranks fourth in volume and, unlike the Zerafshan, which feeds a myriad of oases along its course above ere nourishing the last, Murg-ab water flows to spread in full among the gardens of its delta. In it we find a river whose life-giving has been concentrated into one veined mass of gardens safely housed far out amid the dunes. The cities of Merv have thus long been favored with abundant water combined with sound protection by its wide surrounding desert. Alexander found it populous and full of wealth, and so did the Persians and afterwards the Arabs. And once ·· ·. -: .... · ;v; i7:1·. .._ _U· .. ri- i· ·: ·: ::r:::i,:::..:lri ;:·_,I-::" .- ' ::r.r= ` '':i·- '' ,. * · ; · · · -' · ·' I;-. -·; ·· : : :L1 r·· .:···· rr ··. :..· · .- .- Ei O il· jj·'·:O' :· ·.· : ". .: 1.·` ' : : .· :I·d. ··-: : ·.? ':U*.'·: : ·: 3 su' :···*·. :: u· icj P :···:, : ;·· "··; ·L. ':"Y '' 1··:·i: `i: ạ , ·" .·+ ,... ·;·-..-..·;.I: ;··· I I\PI :.. .. J; 1 03 i:·.. ·i'·. ; : ··.... .... '· '.· ::-··· P`i '· ·· j. 1:e ·:· ' .· ·· ';" " Y !* 1 r· I le- .. .. ·.. ... · : ·%;::. . . ' ,,,^ . \ s': . - '.. ' ,: ' - .. N : y ;.·- . : ··· I :·· ·u u 3 ' · ' .. :"· ' ' : ' , . . ... - i_ ,., .. . , ' .. '. ' '-s;.f , \.re . High sand hil....:s . .. Low sand hlls: : .... , ·. :.:;'"' ' ~'.','.'..'-., 'f" :.: ,"'q, .,, Fig. 488.-Map of the Murg-ab Delta. The Oasis of Merv. the caravans had opened out their routes across the sand, Merv ranked as one of the world's great trade centers. Lying midway between the Caspian Sea and Roof of the World, it centers that whole region of ancient oases. By caravan from Meshed to Merv is less than 200 miles, from Khiva 300, from Paikent or Bokhara I90, from Samarkand 300, and from Balkh 275, measured along the route. In their peculiar state as oases of type Ia, those of Merv must have been especially sensitive to climatic change. To begin with, we must believe that
Page 1 and 2:
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3:
Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7:
VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 8 and 9:
VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11:
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 14 and 15:
-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17:
244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35:
262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41:
268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43:
270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 50 and 51:
Page 53 and 54:
DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56:
DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58:
DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60:
DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62:
DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64:
DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66:
DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68:
- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73: '1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 78 and 79: 302 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
Page 86 and 87: 3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96: ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98: OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
Page 116 and 117: 326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
Page 144 and 145: _ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
Page 152 and 153: 3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
Page 159: PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 170 and 171:
370 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 173:
PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 191:
PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196:
ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198:
-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200:
ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202:
__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203:
PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207:
FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 215:
PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
Page 218 and 219:
Page 221:
PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
Page 225 and 226:
CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
Page 227 and 228:
FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
Page 229 and 230:
CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235:
PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
Page 239:
PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
Page 242 and 243:
_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 244 and 245:
414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
Page 253:
PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
Page 269 and 270:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
Page 271 and 272:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
Page 273 and 274:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
Page 275 and 276:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
Page 277:
PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
Page 280 and 281:
446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
Page 283:
PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
Page 287 and 288:
CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
Page 289 and 290:
HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303:
PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
Page 307:
PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
Page 310 and 311:
- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
Page 312 and 313:
468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
Page 317:
REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 321:
PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
Page 324 and 325:
478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 340 and 341:
494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 342 and 343:
II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 344 and 345:
IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
Page 346 and 347:
VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
Page 348 and 349:
VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
Page 350:
x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
show all

EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?