EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU <strong>IN</strong> ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. The molars both of the Anau horse and of the other subfossil horses are represented by hundreds, but a detailed study of them can be of use only when we possess sets of teeth which surely belong together, as we fortunately have in a complete half of a palate from Anau. After what has been said in reviewing the specific characteristics of ass and horse, it is superfluous to follow the course of each enamel plication. Here we will notice the principal differences; as regards the masticating surface the accompanying drawings (fig. 491) will speak for themselves. Nehring and later Salenski affirm that the relations assumed by Frank, for the Oriental and Occidental horses, between length and breadth of masticating surface (teeth broader than long in the Oriental, and longer than broad in the Occidental horse) are not decisive; indeed this relation is greatly influenced by the age of the animal, since through progressive grinding off of the teeth these become smaller towards the roots, and the row of teeth shortens. Nevertheless a comparative tabulation of the size-relations of the whole row of teeth is probably worth making. Grinding surface of upper molars. Anau (Equus caballus pumpellii) . ir ... I. C -V- llPr-all e l'[i T ls& n [l Table of dimensions (in millimeters). ',I _ o y I-- . E E i o iC ° s i . C o r. - Ir .A r II [ 1C2 Same, -24 feet............ Kesslerloch diluvial horse, 8 vpears . i R n Auvernier domestic horse, bronze age, 6 years........ 153 Konigsfelden, Alemannic time, 7 years ... ...... 4..... .. 62 Hostomitz, 4 years........... 170 Remagen, diluvial horse, after Nehring, to years ......... 69 Remagen diluvial horse, after Schwarze ............... . Thiede diluvial horse, after Nehring, 6 years.......... Westeregeln di u vial horse, after Nehring, old .. Equus przewalskii, after Sal- i 170- enski.................. i 185 Equus przewalskii, Mus. Bern . . Indian horse, after Nehring, 7 years, Mus. Berlin...... 154 Arabian horse, after Nehring, 7 years .................. 68 Grisonian horse, after Nehring, 8 years .................. 174 Pinzgau (Tyrol) horse, after I Nehring, o1 years......... 8 Holstein horse, after Nehring, io years................. 69 Dutch horse, after Nehring, 30 years old ................ 174 Premolar 3. C, m lPre- S £- o C molar 2. ·-C a E 127 136 144 0 ~ - 96 81 91 89 4) 301 3' 3I 37 33 37 35 37 38 38 (?) 37 40 37 38 38 38 38 37 :9 20 20 26 24 22 22 23 24 24 26 (?) 25 21 23 26 25 25 25 23 .C c . ) 32 3' 24 25 27 29 30 31 29 29 27 26 29 28 30 29 28 5 '2 20 25 23 23 25 29 30 29 29 29 23 26 27 27 28 27 26 Premolar 4. 4 28 27 26 23 24 22 27 28 28 27 23 27 XC 27 26 25 24 25 23 29 28 30 29 25 27 27 27 29 28 28 28 27 27 Molar I. W 25 26 24 21 21 26 25 28 26 26 21 22 24 26 27 26 23 .C 26 26 24 24 25 23 29 28 27 27 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 -- Molar 2. C 'o 27 25 24 21 21 26 26 ,, I _ 26 26 21 s» c !2 -J 25 26 27 25 26 ,I 24 26 23 24 24 23 29 Molar 3. I r, 22 22 227..1 26 26 21 -_ 27 25 30 23 . . I __ 25 27 26 26 27 27 bo bC 4I 24 25 25 24 23 27 25 26 27 30 28 34 .2 20 21 20 21 17 26 23 24 25 25 24 25 I -- --------- - J-"
THE SKULL OF THE PREHISTORIC IORSES. 413 M, M, P, 1') a Fig. 491. (a) Teeth of Equus caballus pumpellii. Right part of upper maxilla. (b) Teeth of Ass, from the Mummy from Abadich, Egypt. (c) Teeth of Horse, Pile-dwelling of Auvernier (Bronze Age). (d) Teeth of Equus przewalskii. (e) Teeth of Tscherki's Siberian Horse. The form of the enamel of the teeth deserves further consideration, but since in horses the enamel is more wavy in younger than in older animals, while in the ass the reverse is the case, only specimens of similar age must le compared. Frank asserts that in the Oriental horse the enamel plication is less than in the Occidental. The most marked enamel plication of the interior borders of the anterior islands is shown in the diluvial horses; among these especially in the horses of Westeregeln and Thiede. The horse of Remagen has also slighter rippling, and I find it still less in the horse of Kesslerloch and Solutre. The plication
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202: __ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207: FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 210 and 211: 394 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 215: PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
Page 221: PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
Page 227 and 228: FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
Page 229 and 230: CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 235: PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
Page 239: PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
Page 244 and 245: 414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
Page 250 and 251: --- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
Page 253: PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
Page 258 and 259: _____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 264 and 265: 430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
Page 267 and 268: CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
Page 269 and 270: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
Page 271 and 272: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
Page 273 and 274: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
Page 277: PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
Page 280 and 281: 446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
Page 283: PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
Page 287 and 288: CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
Page 289 and 290: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
Page 291 and 292: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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