EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OASES.-Continued. The oasis as a geological problem.-Continued. Physiographic classification of oases ............................................. 301-303 I. Delta oases .... .................... ................................. 301 (a) Of rivers ...... ......... ..................................... 301 (b) O f sm all stream s ...................... .......................... 301 II. River-bank and flood-plain oases ....................................... 302 III. H igh-valley oases ........ ........... .................................. 302 IV . Spring and w ell oases .................................................. 302 V. Lake-shore oases ...................................................... 302-303 Relations between erosion and burial in the obliteration of kurgans (oasis culture deposits) 303-307 The ancient Alai Valley route from Bactra to Kashgar ................................. 307-310 Objective criteria of ancient long-used routes ...................................... 307 The three controlling factors of trade routes ....................................... 307-308 Advantages of the Alai Valley route .............................................. 308-31o Oases of the Zerafshan ............................................................ 310-316 River-bank (type II) oases of the lower Zerafshan................................. 310-311 Afrosiab ......................................................... .......... 311 High-valley (type III) oases of the upper Zerafshan ................................ 311-316 I Iissa r ... .. ... ... . .... . ............. ... . ....... . ........... . . ......... .. . ... .. ... 316-3 17 Abandoned oases of Fergana ....................................... ................. 317-320 Kara Tepe (Western)......................................................... 317-318 Eeman Tepe ...................................... ........................... 318 River-cut m ounds of Millitinskaya ............................................... 318-320 Anau..................................................... ........................ 320-330 Peculiarities of Anau as an oasis of type Ib ........................................ 320 The building of a tilting delta .......... ............. ..................... 321 Erosion cycles of the Anau Su in the mountains ................................... 322 Recent decrease of surface drainage .............................................. 322-324 Shape of the Anau Delta and its surface irregularities wrought by man's debris of occupation and his control of alluvial depositions ........................... 324-327 The ancient and the mod(ern dunes of Kara Kumn and the interbedding of the delta margins with them ................................................... 327-328 Analysis of shaft sections of the deposits from man, water, and wind ................. 328-330 Physiographic reconstruction of the past in Anau .................................. 330 Oases of the Murg-ab Delta ......................................................... 330-337 The river Murg-ab and the type peculiarities of the Merv oases, past and present..... 330-333 Irregularities of the delta surface wrought by man's debris of occupation and his control of alluvial depositions .............................................. 333 The great: moundt of Odontche Tepe ............................................ 334 Analysis of shafts at Ghiaur Kala. The deposits from man, water, and wind.......... 334-336 Tlle stratigraphlic order [(i) loess, (2) dune-sand, (3) alluvium] explained by climatic change to dry and recession of the delta .............................. 336-337 PART VI. ANIMAL REMAINS FROM TIIE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU, AND TIlE HIIORS OF ANAU IN ITS RELATION TO TIIE RACES OIr DOMESTIC HTORSES. J. . ULRIC DUERST. CtlAPTIER XVI. INTRODUCTION ANI DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL ............................ 341-343 CIIAITER XVII ........................................................... 345-354 Carnivora........................................ 345-354 Foxes of Anau I and II ................ .................................... 34-346 Wolf of Anau I anatomically compared ......................................... 346-347 Domestic Dog of Anau II anatomically compared with prehistoric and recent domestic and wild dogs ..... ...................................... ...... 348-354 Probably im ported into Anau .............................................. 350 Ro ntia .............................................................. ......... 354 R em ains of m ouse ............................................................. 354
CONTENTS. VII PAGR. CHAPTER X V III ....................................................................... 355-399 Artiodactyla ............................................................. .... .. 355-358 The pig of Anau I (Sus palustris Rutimeyer) anatomically compared with prehistoric and recent wild and domestic pigs ....................................... 355-358 Identical with Torfschwein (turbary pig) of European neolithic and bronze-age stations . 355 C avicornia ................................................................... .... 359-3 82 Long-horned wild ox (Bos namadicu ) ............................................ 359-364 Anatomically compared with fossil and prehistoric bovids of Eurasia and Egypt .... 359-369 Domestic long-horned cattle (Ios taurus macroceros) of Anau I..................... Anatomically compared with wild and domestic cattle of Eurasia and Egypt....... 364-369 Domesticated out of the wild Bos namadicus of Anau I ......................... 369 Identical with the long-horned Apis of early Egypt ............................ 369 Ovina. Wild sheep of Anau I (a) (Ovis vignei arkal) anatomically compared with Eurasiatic forms ........................................................ 370-372 D om estic sheep of Anau I ................... ................................... 372-380 Progress of domestication out of Ovis vignei arkal shown in changes in size, and in character of bone structure ....................................... . 372-373 Towards end of Anau I a smaller breed established identical with Ovis aries paluslris Riitimeyer, the Torfschaf of European neolithic and bronze-age stations. Anatomically compared with the wild ancestor and with domestic sheep of prehistoric Europe ................... ............................. 374-376 First breed (large hored) ................................................ .. 376 Hornless breed of Anau II .................................................. 376-380 Tables of anatomical comparisons ................................... 374, 375, 377-379 Capra hircus riitimeyeri Duerst. Domestic goat of Anau II, anatomically compared ..... 380-381 Antelopinae. Gazelle of Anau I ...................................... ........... 382 Cervidoe. The stag of Persia .................................................. .... . 382 Cam elidse. Cam el of Anau II................... ........ ........................... 383-384 Perissodactyla. H orse of Anau................. ................................... 384-399 Distinguishing anatomical characteristics of Western and Oriental horse groups and asses. 386 In the teeth (tables) ....................... ........................ 387, 388, 390 In the bones (tables) ..................................................... 391-395 Type and relations of the horse from Anau ....................................... 396-399 The diluvial horse differentiated into three types: Desert type (Equus cabalhls pumnpcllii), Steppe type (Equus caballus germanicus seu robuslus) and Forest type (Equus caballus nehringi) ............................................ 399 Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii Gray) ................................................... 399 CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS RELATION TO HISTORY AND TO THE RACES OF DOM ESTIC H ORSES ................................................. 401-431 Oriental and occidental horse groups ................................................. 401 Fossil and subfossil horses ...................................... ................... 402 Horse of the Quaternary period of Europe ...................................... 402 The horses of prehistoric times ........................................... 403 The horses of the Neolithic Age ........................................... 4o3 Craniological differences between the ass and horse..................................... 404--410 The horses of Europe in the Copper, Ia Tene, Hallstadt, and Roman periods ............... 410 Skulls of the prehistoric horses ........................ ........... ................ 411 Teeth ......................................................... ........... ...... 411-414 The skull and its proportions ........................................................ 414-417 The bones of the extremities....................................................... 417-426 Calculated sizes of the prehistoric horses .............................................. 426 C onclusions .................................. .... ................................ 427 Application of the measurements to determination of the relationship of the various prehistoric horses among themselves and to the horse of Anau ..................... 427 The Tertiary horses of Europe ....................................................... 428 Only one type of wild horse over Europe and Asia in Pliocene and Pleistocene time; probably E quus stenonis Cocchi .............................................. 428 Equus przewalskii its last wild representative ...................................... 428
Page 1 and 2: EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3: Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 8 and 9: VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11: X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 14 and 15: -r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17: 244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 28 and 29: 2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 32 and 33: 26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35: 262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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302 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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