EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. number of centuries since it was founded, times the difference between its rate of accumulation and the rate of surrounding aggradation. If, as has been with many excepting those of type I, it was away from aggradation, its height would be simply I G. Most of the oases that interest us have long since been abandoned and erosion enters the equation; then h=l G-[E(t-l) +At], or total thickness of culture, minus erosion since abandonment and amount the plain has arisen around it. But obviously the plain will in time rise to bury the eroding top. Let tb =time at which erosion will meet aggradation (time of total burial), then h=o and IG= E(tb-l) l(G-tE) +4At, and t,= -(+E) and the first equation h=-G-[E (t--) +At] is true (AG+-E only when t is less than I G+- A +E Residual height = I L.-r+ mf+_-v 'q1 - - LI L .l- rt. j x -:- (f 'T 1G A Fig. 470.-Diagram showing Relation between Erosion and Burial of Abandoned Kurgans. Cross-hatching represents wasted top of Kurgan. (I) h=IG-[E(t-l)+At] when tGA- LA[ E AG+ E or the rate of aggradation multiplied by the time since foundation minus the time that elapsed between then and the beginning of burial. Changing the equation of obliteration somewhat in form, we get our third and most important equation. A +E (3) I=tG+E when h=o which means that on aggrading areas any town, not occupied more than the ratio A±E A +qE times the number of centuries since it was founded, has vanished from sight beneath the aggrading plain. The depth to which the eroded top of its accumulation has been buried can be found from equation (2). Assuming Professor Pumpelly's values obtained at Anau, we have G= 2 and A =o.8, and since it is from erosion the growth of plains is supplied and since the areas of erosion and aggradation seem to correspond in a general way and our culture mounds probably erode as fast as anything, we may for experiment assume A+E T.6 E=A or E=o.8. Then G-+-E =2=o .57 as a conservative ratio of much less error than equation E =A, because E partly compensates itself by division.
OASES. 305 It may, therefore, be said that the kurgan remains of most favored oases, those where water was easily led and found its way in flood, have been eroded and buried, wholly obliterated unless they were occupied over 0.57 of the time since their foundation. Or, any such city, founded 5,000 years ago and not occupied at least 3,000 years, has vanished. Such must have been the fate of those where the plains are always aggrading; but along the borders in the region of uptilting piedmonts, where oases of type I b and type IV abound, aggradation was apparently so counteracted by crustal movement that during dry periods some areas rose above it altogether. It is to that process we owe the preservation above ground of both kurgans at Anau. The piedmont on which they rest appears to have been uplifted so nearly as fast as the plain aggraded that during all of 1o,ooo years no more than 20 feet of sediments has risen around the North Kurgan, though during that time it seems likely that about 80 feet have been deposited farther out in the desert. As a check upon the logic of our equations, it is interesting to solve for occupation on the North Kurgan. Knowing the total remnant thickness of culture, 60 feet, and assuming Professor Pumpelly's estimate of time since foundation, 100 centuries, we have: taking the remnant height, h=-IG-E (t- ), 64 =1 X 2- o.8 (00oo-) or 2.8 =I144 and 1=5t.5 centuries. Then its original thickness, IG, would have been 2 X 51.5 = 103 feet, of which it has lost by erosion 43 feet. This, taken in view of the deformation testified by its profile, the upper part having withered to a rounded form leaving a base under ground of twice the diameter of that above ground, seems a conservative estimate. There is, however, no reason to suppose that it had ever attained a thickness of 103 feet at any one time. This accumulation may have resulted during several periods of occupation, between which it was abandoned to erosion. That part of its growth wvas during reoccupation of comparatively recent times is evidenced by quantities of late pottery and debris, deep-buried in the wash under its surrounding plain, having drifted down there from above, though now absent on top. An examination of the surface and gully-sections of 20 or 30 kurgans on the zone of constant aggradation, revealed no indication of anything over ,ooo to 3,000 years old, and such was Mr. Huntington's experience in his study of 20 or more kurgans north of Merv. To one having a general idea about rates of erosion and aggradation in this region, it is no surprise that nearly all the kurgans of Central Asia seem to belong in the last 2,000 or 3,000 years. There can be very few as old as the North Kurgan at Anau still above ground. But the very fact that Central Asia has been progressively drying up has helped prevent a universal burial of oases of type Ia, those on far-out deltas, because streams and their canals contracted, leaving their oases beyond both water supply and sedimentation. Many kurgans, then, still rise above the desert for the very reason for which they were abandoned. Another set-back against burial has been warping. The region of Samarkand has been warped into a low dome about 40 miles across, through which the Zerafshan distributaries-many of them artificial-have cut their channels to a depth of 50 to 1oo feet in the highest or middle part, some of them reuniting beyond. Now, it is only with canals many
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 32 and 33: 26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68: - DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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Page 97 and 98: OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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