EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

456 HUMAN REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE NORTH KURGAN. Broca has obtained an index platycnemicus to characterize this feature, by expressing the width-diameter of the tibia in percentage of its sagittal diameter. He and most of the later investigators took these two measurements at the height of the foramen nutritivum, since in most cases the flattening diminishes further down. Some data are given in the following table: Groups. Index cnemicus. Modern French, male............................... Lothringer I (before the XIX century) ................ Lothringer II, male and female....................... Negroes, different origins............................. Bajuvars .......................................... Senoi and Semang................................. Negrito, male and female, I .......................... Negrito, male and female, II......................... Negrito, male and female, III........................ Andamanese, male (measured in middle of diaphysis).... New Caledonians.................................... Aino.............................................. Dolmen of Port Blanc I.............................. Dolmen of Port Blanc II............................. Upper California Indians I........................... Upper California Indians II.......................... Upper California Indians III......................... Upper California Indians IV.......................... Prehistoric tibiae of Feigneux ........................ Weddas, males...................................... I . I - Investigator. Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Lehman-Nitsche Martin Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Flower Manouvrier Koganei Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Manouvrier Sarasin -------- ------ Index. 74.5 74. 72.4 72.4 72.2 about 67 64.5 64.7 65.7 64.7 63.5 63.5 63.3 64.3 63.7 60.2 6o
HUMAN REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE NORTH KURGAN. 457 cnemism, and he gives a figure of such a tibia (X888, p. 506). A measurement on this reduced picture can, of course, give no exact result, still the corresponding index seems to amount to 3.5. The two Wedda tibiae Nos. 178 and 179, on plate LXXXII of the frequently mentioned work of Sarasin, yield indices of 3.5 and 4.7. In contrast to these values the curvature of the Anau tibia must be considered moderate. A further character of great importance exists on the anterior edge of the lower joint-surface, where this goes over into the anterior sur- -"-- -__ face of the bone. In European shin bones a sharp edge usually separates the joint-surface from the anterior surface of the tibia. In our tibia, on the other hand, the joint-surface extends in one place over the just-mentioned edge, and makes on the anterior surface of the tibia a small facet whose condition shows clearly c d that it was originally covered with cartilage (plate 95, fig. 3, a). At this point the edge, instead of being sharp, is rounded softly off. On the right tibia the facet is less large, but it is still clearly present. The difference in the .\/ . form of the joint-surface from , -.. . -- that of a European is best recog- trochtea sweLiny trochlea nized in a sagittal section that e f was drawn with the aid of a lead Fig. 495.-(a) Sagittal section of joint surface of condylus lateralis tibiae ,wire through the place of the w ~ire the through place ~of the from Anau 1. (b) Same section from a European tibia. (c) Sagittal section through lower joint-section of left tibia facet (fig. 495, C and d). through facet, Anau I; thick line marks cartilage cover. (d) This characteristic has been found among different lower Same section through European tibia. (e) Sagittal section through medial edge of trochlea and medial neck-swelling. (f) Sagittal section through trochlea and lateral neck-swelling. races, and also in anthropoids; thus by Thomson (I890, p. 213) in the gorilla, orang, and in the Weddas; by Martin in the Fuegians (1894, p. 198) and Senoi (1905, p. 635). The occurrence was already rightly interpreted by its first observer, Thomson (1889, p. 624), who sought the cause of this facet in frequent strong dorsal flexure of the foot which occurs especially in a squatting position. Let us look a little more closely into the mechanism of the object before us. As one can see in a skeleton, in strong dorsal flexure of the foot the talus presses with the anterior upper surface of its neck on the forward edge of the jointsurface of the tibia. In this action it is especially the medial and lateral edges
Page 1 and 2:
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3:
Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7:
VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 8 and 9:
VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11:
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 14 and 15:
-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17:
244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35:
262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41:
268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43:
270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 50 and 51:
Page 53 and 54:
DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56:
DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58:
DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60:
DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62:
DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64:
DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66:
DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68:
- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70:
DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72:
DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73:
'1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77:
300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 93 and 94:
OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96:
ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98:
OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99:
PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104:
324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109:
PLATE 67. I
Page 113:
PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
Page 116 and 117:
326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 127 and 128:
OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129:
OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134:
CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135:
INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139:
346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141:
PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
Page 144 and 145:
_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 159:
PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 173:
PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 191:
PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196:
ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198:
-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200:
ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202:
__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203:
PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207:
FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 215:
PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
Page 218 and 219:
Page 221:
PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
Page 225 and 226:
CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
Page 227 and 228:
FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
Page 229 and 230:
CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235:
PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
Page 239:
PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
Page 242 and 243:
_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 244 and 245: 414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
Page 250 and 251: --- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
Page 253: PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
Page 258 and 259: _____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 264 and 265: 430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
Page 267 and 268: CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
Page 269 and 270: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
Page 271 and 272: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
Page 273 and 274: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
Page 277: PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
Page 280 and 281: 446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
Page 283: PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
Page 287 and 288: CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
Page 289 and 290: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
Page 293: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
Page 303: PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
Page 307: PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
Page 310 and 311: - ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
Page 312 and 313: 468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
Page 317: REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 321: PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
Page 324 and 325: 478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
Page 330 and 331: 484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
Page 338 and 339: 492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 340 and 341: 494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 342 and 343: II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 344 and 345:
IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
Page 346 and 347:
VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
Page 348 and 349:
VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
Page 350:
x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
show all

EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?