EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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314 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. The mullahs say their forefathers were Christians, but were conquered by a great Mussulman general, Hodja Mussaii Ashari, who came over the Mura Pass from Hissar a thousand years ago. There are comparatively few abandoned culture-mounds in the mountain valley, but many of its oases appear to lie on a considerable thickness of accumulated debris; in other words, most of the village sites of antiquity there are still occupied, whereas most of those on the plains have been abandoned. This difference is a good illustration of the characteristic distinctions of high-valley oases, type III, especially the difference of water-supply and degree of exposure to hostile people. Towns on the plains were from time to time abandoned for lack of water n- thtir rliqtrih1ltnrv strPatn onntracted because of a general progressive desiccation of Central Asia, and others were destroyed by armies that plundered and passed on, leaving their ruins to the desert. Still others may have lost their water to pirating canals of other oases. Most of the oases of the high valley have always had an excess of water-supply, their size being limited by topography only, and their inaccessibility has always been a protection against invasion; one man can guard a trail in the Zerafshan. In many of the towns debris of occupation has accumulated in the form of terraces, in successive steps fromn 4 to 6 feet high, down slopes of the old alluvial terraces and doubtless extending to a depth of several feet below. The thick- Fig. 477.--Zerafshan Galcha Spinning at Yarum. ness varies fromn town to town, according to the amount of sediments in the waters drawn upon for irrigation, the proportion of stone usel in construction, and the time of occupation. The few abandoned sites observed are in positions relatively more exposed to neighboring oases and intersecting routes. Their positions were evidently chosen as the easiest to fortify in their neighborhoods, and, in some cases, seem to have been abandoned for other points nearby that are agriculturally more advantageous. Of abandoned villages there are three of especial interest: One at Iori, one at UIrmitan, and one at Kadushar (figs. 48 -483). Iori Kurgan (fig. 48 1) is an old citadel, about ioo feet by 200 feet long, running north and south and resting on gypsum beds rising from the eastern edge of a
l- PLATE 64. Kara tepe (eastern) Shallpast Kurgan Seepandsh tepe (near Djisak) Kalia tepe (near Djisak) Kizil-ar tepe (near Djisak) Kurgan near Djisak station Kurgan near Djisak station Kurgan near Djisak station Dshisak = C View of cicmnll Tclc. Citadel of Ka;ir 'ITlcp (\Westcrn) taikcii from Inrtle,,t. Type-forms of Kurgans in Fergana.
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 44 and 45: 272 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68: - DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73: '1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
Page 86 and 87: 3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96: ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98: OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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350 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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