EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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IV <strong>IN</strong>DEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Continued. the Aralo-Caspian Basin .............. 298 the Anau Su ........................ 322 growth and oscillations of the Anau delta during the various ........... 330 Eskimos ........................... 459,460,461 Euphrates ............................. 437 Evolution of a continent .................. 243 desert basin ........................ 247-250 Exmoor pony........................... 414 F aizabad ............................... 272 Fault-scarp in the loess plain of Hissar.270, 272*, 274 Fergana, abandoned oases of ............ 317-320 Fergana Basin, physiography of .......... 287-290 F i scher, E .............................. 452 Fish traps of the Kizil Su................. 271* Flower, W . H ........................... 459 Forsyth, Major J. C ............. 386, 394, 402, 405 Fouvent ........................... 403, 419,429 Fox, from Anau ......................... 345 table of measurements of ............. 345 tabular comparison of, with Eurasiatic foxes ....................... 346 Fraas, 0 ............................... 403,416 Frank, T ...... 386, 388, 401, 406, 408, 412,417,429 Fuegians ...................... 457,459,460,461 G aillard ................................ 373 G alcha ................................. 265 See Tadjik. Galcha dialect ........................... 312 Galchas ............... 269*,270*, 314*, 315*, 316* Galcha Beg with his hunting eagle ......... 266* G arm .................................. 269 Gaudry, Albert .......................... 433 Gazella subgutturosa Gueldenstedt ......... 382, 435 Genghis Khan ........................... 332 G era ................................... 4 14 Gervais, Paul ........................... 345 Ghiaur Kala, rapid deflation of the ruins during a sandstorm .......... 303 physiographic shaft-explorations in . .. 333-337 Glacial period ........................... 250 climate and conditions on the Pamir during the ................. 256-257 four epochs on the Pamir during the. .254-257 in the Alai Valley .................... 261, if. in the Zerafshan ..................... 277, If. correlated with the late "Aralo-Caspian Sea "..................... 294,298 Glacial zones of ice mantles ............... 245 acceleration of each erosion cycle ...... 248 obstructions to stream erosion, preservation of ancient topography on Pamir ................... 254 clays deposited in Lake Kara Kul ...... 255, if. troughs in the Trans-Alai Mountains. . . 263 alluviation of the Zerafshan gorge during the second and third erosion cycles ................. 277-279, 281 origin of loess ...................... 281-282 Glaciation of the gorges of the fourth erosion cycle.................. 279, if., 282* Glacier ice-mantles of the Pamir during the first and second epochs ...... 254-255 ice of second epoch preserved under lake sediments of Kara Kul ....... 256* Glacier of the Zerafshan, differential uplift and advance of ........... 280*, 281* of the Tokus Kungei ................. 261, ft. PAGE. Glacier-Continuea. Yarkitch ........................... 282* of the Kara-at ....................... 255* northeast of Kara Kul ................ 257* Glacier-thrusted alluvium ................. 279* Glaciers, coalescing fans or piedmont glaciers of the second epoch .......... 255 of the Pamir, peculiarities of .......... 258 differential uplift and expansion of..... 275, ff. G lur ................................... 373 Goat of Anau II ........................ 380-381 table of dimensions and comparisons... 381 Cretan .............................. 380 Gobi .......................... 244,249,282,398 Grass, settling ground of dust from the Kizil Kum .... ................... 271 in the Alai Valley .................... 260 during the glacial period .............. 298 brackish water, and wire-, ............ 252 areas shrinking in Fergana ............ 290 G risons ................................. 415 Gross Czernosek ........ 367, 381, 411,419,425,426 Grotte du Pontil ........................ 375 Grum-Grshimailo ....................... 402,429 G uanchas ............................... 456 G ulbrandsdal ............................ 415 G ulcha ................................. 289 Gulcha R iver ........................... 289 Gyaours River vanishing ................. 323 Hawee .................... Hallstadt ................. Hensel .................... H epburn ................... Hescheler .................. H ickory ................... High valley oases ........... of the Zerafshan........ Hindu-Kush ............... ............. 269 .. ... ........ 4 10 ............. 4 21 ............. 451 392,393,394,416,426 ............. 273 ............. 301, ff. ............ 311-313 ............. 251 .... 395,397,422,424 ............. 310 ........ 316, ff., 320* HIipparion ................. Hissar, ancient route from... citadel of.............. mountains ....................... 272, 273* Hissar Valley, preservation of kurgans in the. 306 physiography of ................... 270-274 Hodja Mussaii Ashari .................... 314 H om m el, F ............................. 351 Homo primigcnius ....................... 454 Ilordeum distichum, chaff of, in pottery of Anau I ..................... 472 Horse of Anau, Equus caballus pumpellii Duerst .................... 387-397 tables of measurements comparing with other subfossil equids, premolars and molars ........... 387 dental indices ....................... 388 jaw s ............................... 390 indices of metacarpus tertius .......... 391 scapula.............................. 391 humerus, radius, and metacarpi ....... 392 femur and tibia ...................... 393 metatarsi and phalanx I and II ........ 394 phalanx III, astragalus ............... 395 type and relations of ................. 396 metatarsus tertius ................... 396 height of withers ................... 396, 397 characteristics of Anau horse summarized ........................ 397 Horse of the Quaternary period of Europe. . 402 prehistoric times ..................... 403 the neolithic age ..................... 403
<strong>IN</strong>DEX. V PAGE. Horse-Continued. the copper age ...................... 410 La Tene time ...................... 410 Hallstadt tim e ...................... 410 Roman times ........................ 410 craniological difference between ass and horse....................... 404 skulls of prehistoric horses ............. 41 the teeth ........................... 411 the skull and its proportions .......... 414 forest type ....... ............. 399,431 desert type ...................... 399, 43 steppe type ...................... 399, 431 Turcom an .......................... 434 the Tertiary, of Europe............... 428 only one type of, on Eurasiatic continent in Pliocene and Pleistocene time, of which Equus przcwalskii is last wild representative. . 428 regional racial differentiation of, consequent upon regional changes in climate and vegetation in postglacial times ................ 429 the horse of the bronze age and early iron age of Europe was the Anau horse. Equus caballus pumpcllii. 430 this latter used in ennobling Roman horses ...................... 430 Horses, oriental group (broad-fronted) ...... 386 occidental group (narrow-fronted) ..... 386 cause of characteristic differences between the oriental and occidental grouls .............. 398-399 fossil and subfossil, and characteristics. . 402 broad and narrow-fronted ............. 416 diluvial, of Germany ................. 416 of Solutre and Kesslerloch ............ 416 index of basilar and palatal region of .... 416 comparative table of cranial dimensions of, in Equus caballus pumpellii and other sulbfossil holses..... 41 7 comparative talles and discussions of the bones of the extremities .... .417-426 calculated sizes of diluvial and prehistoric 426 conclusions ......................... 427-133 tabulation of points of agreement as basis for determining relationship between the various diluvial and prehistoric ................. 427 census of, in Turkestan in 1903 ........ 433 fossil, subfossil, and recent: Abassi .......................... 414 Aden........................... 415 A lem annic ....................... 411 A ltai cave ...................... 3x 7 Arabian ................... 412,414, 415 Arezzo ......................... 427 Asiatic, recent ................ 392, 3)4 Asiatic, subfossil ............... 392, 394 Auvernicr (bronze) ...... 409, 410, 41 , 412 413, 414,4 15, 4 16, 417, 426 Boulogne ....................... 414 Briesen ......................... 415 Cardamone ............... 395,418,420 421, 423,424,427 Caverne ........................ 392 Cindre (paleolithic) ....... 392, 419, 429 Couvres.......................392, 419 Curchy ...... ........... 392, 419 Devenzano ..... ........ 418, 427 Diluvial ........................ 41 PAGE. Horses, fossil, subfossil, and recent-Continted. Dutch...................... 412 European diluvial ....... 391, 394, 395, 416 Exmoor pony ................... 414 Fouvent ..................... 419,429 G era ........................... 4 14 German (small), bronze age....... 396 German diluvial ................ 391, 416 Grisonian ...................... 412, 415 Gross Czernosek ........ 411, 419, 425, 426 Gulbrandsdal.................... 415 Helveto-Gallic (iron)............. 410 Holstein ................. . 412 Hostomitz (iron, La T'ne). . 390, 411, 412 414, 415, 417, 41 8 , 419, 420, 421, 425 Iceland..................... .... 415 Indian ....................... 390, 42 K alm yk ........................ 394 Kalmukian ..................... 415 Kesslerloch (diluvial).... 391, 392, 393, 394 395, 412, 413, 417, 421, 423, 425, 429 Konigsfelden (alemannic)4 11, 412, 414, 417 Kreisgruben .................. 418 Kutterschitz (neolithic).414, 415, 416, 417 Langugest ...................... 42 La T.ne (iron) ......... 391, 392, 393, 415 418, 425, 426, 428 Leitmeritz (neolithic) ... 391, 392, 419, 429 Lena River ................ 391, 3 3, 394 Liebshausen .................. 41 1 Lignitz ........................ 411,426 Iourdes ........................ 392 Louvernr (neolithic) ............ 3)2, 419 Luescherz ....................... 415 Ijachow Island .................. 394 M adelaine ....................... 392 Moehringen ..................... 410 Moosseedorf .................... 415 Nussdorf (diluvial) ............... 414 (ccidental ................. 401, 412, 43o of Arabs and Berbers ............ 399, 43 (riental ............... 40 , 412, 417, 430 Petersinsel ..................... 425 Pinzgau .............. 412,415,417, 41 Quedlinburg (diluvial) ............ 391 Reniagen (diluvial) ......... 412, 413, 41 416,425,426 Rixdorf ..................... 419 Santenay ...................... 392 Schellenken .1................ 411 Schlossberg (iron) ....... 391, 3)2, 393, 41X 419, 425,426, 427 Schuettarschen (iron, IIallstadt) . .41o, 414. 415, 416, 417 Siberia (diluvial) ............... 393, 421) Siberia, ,Eastern............ .... 390 Siberia, W estern ............ 387, 388, 3 Solbrusan ....................... 415 Solutr6 (diluvial and paleolithic) . .392, 39)5 411,413,419,421,423--427,429 Somme (neolithic) ............... 41, 4 17 Spandau (bronze age) ........... 396, 420 421, 425,426 Stankowitz .................. 41 8,419 Thiede (diluvial) ............ 412, 413, 427 thoroughbred British ............. 414 Tribsee......................... 41 5 Tschontschitz................... 420 'urkestan ................. 3(0, 392, 426 Vindonissa (Roman) .... 393, 39., 39.5, 410 417, 418, 41 420, 421, 425, 426, 427
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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Page 321: PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
Page 324 and 325: 478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
Page 330 and 331: 484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
Page 338 and 339: 492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 340 and 341: 494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 342 and 343: II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 346 and 347: VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
Page 348 and 349: VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
Page 350: x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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