EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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358 ANIMAL REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAl. Table of dimensions (in millimeters). (The measurements are taken in comparison with those published by Padelt [Padelt. M., Skelettmessungen am Schwein; Inaug. Diss., lxipzig, 1892] of specimens from China, Siam, Germany, England, and the Maori pig.) C a a X x A a 7 SCAP:ULA: North Kurgan, Anau (+ 20 ft. + 26 ft. I+33 ft. 138? . China, female .................. 134 95 Maori pig, male ................ 187 117 Siam , m ale .................... 183 113 Germany, female ............... 182 103 England, female ............... 277 165 I W ild pig, male ............ .... 260 143 HUNI'ERUS: ( + 20 ft. North Kurgan, Anau +28 ft. ((?) . China, female .................. ii 33 Maori pig, male ................ 163 56 Siam, male ................... 163 49 Germany, female ............... 176 47 England, female ............... 217 75 Wild pig, male ................. 213 64 74 75 30 28 19 54 56 96 37. .. 7 . 88 36 70 87 143 355 56 64 120 87 35 .. .. . . . 6 . 36 29 37 228 - 34C 32 . .3 14 23 19 . 22 34 ... . 21 33 · 35 19 35 381 .. 45 . .. . . 2 60 5 .6. . 26 39 4 43 - RADIUS: North Kurgan, Anau, +- 16 ft ... .. 38 China, female .................. 92 21 Maori pig, male ................ 145 30 Siam, male ................... 140 30 Germany, female............. . i62 28 iEngland, female .......... .179 41 (192 36 W ild pig .................... I84 38 ( 192 36 14 22 21 32 21 34 34 39 ... 24 39 21 . .. .. 24 38 . . . II.NA: North Kurgan, Anau. 4- 6 ft.... China ......................... 128 Maori pig ..................... 198, S iam . . ....................... i 1i 12 . . 20 22 12 . . 52 91 .. 12 I6 S .. 46 16 .. 17 23 12 .. 54 II . I 2 . . . . . Germany. .............. 211 .. 13 . 13 20 ... 50 England ENgland~tlr~an.23~u . ................ -t-'3ft.. 258 r~5 8 -27 331 41 4 1 25 .. 1022 W ild pig. .... ................ 260 is 1 26 13 .. North Kurgan, Anan. + 2,3 ft.. 154 37 17 25 24 .Ioo 62 China .......... ............... 122 38 15 21 18 59? 44 Maori pig.................... 1. I83 52 23 31 . 32 104 62 Siam ............ ............ 167 49 9 27 26. 94 58 Geran . ..................... 202 49 20 29 00 59 England .............. . 244 70 32 42 38 .150 97 W ild pig ..................... 236 56 27 38 35 99 73 VOI'RTHI MT.ATARS'S: North Kurgan, Anau. + 23 ft . . . 85 .... 15 C hina ..... . .. ........... .. . 42 .. 108 Maori pig .................. 74 1 . .... 14 Siam . ........... ........ 68 . 14. 11.. . . ... Germ any ...................... 91 . .. . . . 12 England. ..................... 5 2 .. ..... W ild pig ......... ............. 99 I 7 - .. . 15 . . .
CAVICORNIA. 359 CAVICORNIA. BOV<strong>IN</strong>A. (Plates 7.3 and 74: plate 7; , figs. 1-4, and 7; plate Si, fig. i; plate 83, fig. I: plate S.; text-fig. 490.) Bos namadicus Falconer & Cautley (Bos macroccros Duerst) or the Asiatic form of the urns (7B.,s primigenitus Bojanus). The remains of this bovid are also not very complete, but next to those of the sheep and the-fox they are certainly the best of the bone fragments. They at least answer the requirements for the exact determination of the species present and are sufficient for the reconstruction of the skeletons. Among the 68 fragments of parts of the skull, trunk and extremity bones, the most remarkable pieces are two proximal ends of the radius with the corresponding olecranon of the ulna, Nos. 13 to 18. Both bones show old fractures, about io cm. below the articulations, and the ulna, No. 13, has distinct traces of gnawing, probably by human teeth. The dimensions of these bone fragments compared with the homogeneous bones of other animals are given (in millimeters) in the following table of dimensions: l Radius. Ulna. i Vidth Diam- iLeast VWiI a DiaI idth L- Height of eler of ith D - enth with o~f o f roexi- p.roxieter of of ole- of ih ole- f g rea"i- l lmid- l niliiI l moid mal nmal - - cranon. cra- end . (lie. ile. r(lie. fossa. , 24 feet.. .. 101 4.S North Kurgan, Anau ( -24 feet.... o 4 5 . .. -20 feet.... () 49 52 33 140? 64 45 o pr 'igenll after David*. .... . .. . 146 77 S IjO. Prlin ' ""i - aftr Riitimeyer.. 103 .. .. 152 4 53 Egyptian Apis, Paris Mus ......... 30 4 20 .. .. Bubalus arncc, No. 6707, Paris Mus. 78 2S 40 22 i . Equsgs caballus (Clydesdale) ....... 92 . 43 .. 130, Metacarlus. \\idth of I)iameter of Width of Diameter of distal end. distal end. middle. middle. North Kurgan. Anau. -2o feet ...... 7( 36 37 26 Bos primigcnius. after Tscherski ..... 76.5 .37 51 35 Egyptian Apis. Paris Mus ........... 7 37 3 2 Bubalus arwie, No. 6707. Paris Mus... 34 3523 Bos taurus, Paris Mus .............. 68 42 4( 32 Bubalus bainii, Ailnolisatra ........ 2 45 62 36 *David, A.. Fleitraige 71ur Kcnntnis der Abstammtntung des Itausrinds. ,anllw. Jahrbuct l der SchBweiz, Iern, 1897, p. 134. It is easy to observe that the dimensions of the subfossil bones from Anau greatly exceed those of the corresponding bones of one of the greatest modern horses and closely approach the bones of Bos primigenius of the ancient European culture-strata. It is not probable, considering the remains we find in the later periods of the kurgan, that the first inhabitants of Anau hunted a gigantic wild horse or had a horse of the size of a Clydesdale or a Percheron; and there can be no doubt that the bones mentioned belonged to a large bovine animal. Another extremity bone, a metacarpus medius, No. 121, confirms this conclusion. Marked
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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Page 159: PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 173: PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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394 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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