EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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410o THE HORSE OF ANAU <strong>IN</strong> ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. in the ass the "spur" is wanting on all the teeth, while the equid of Auvernier has it on all the premolars and on the third molar. It is noteworthy, though without value in distinguishing between species, that the ass of Abadieh has the first premolar, which is not frequent at this age. I find no differences in the incisors, which are fully present in both skulls. The incisive part of the Auvernier equid is, with a width of 62 mm., somewhat wider than that of the ass, which measures only 52 mm. -The equid of Auvernier had during life a broader muzzle than the ass, again recalling the horse, which, especially in the diluvial horse, had a very broad muzzle, broader than is shown in recent horses (83 to 88 mm., Nehring, op. cit., p. 90). The equid of Auvernier is thus shown to differ in its principal points from the ass of Abadieh and must, therefore, be regarded as a horse and no longer as an ass. We may see confirmatory evidence that it is a horse that was used by the people of Auvernier, in the size of a bronze bit from the pile-dwelling of Mohringen on the same Lake of Bienne; this measures 9 cm., while the maxilla where the snaffle lies measures 5.I cm. Moreover, Marek* has published a series of skulls from stations of the same age, as well as later (among them a plaster cast of the Auvernier horse), which are classed by him as Helveto-Gallic horses. If it has been shown that Riitimeyer erred in his determination of the Auvernier skull, it is now easy to prove the same in the case of Sanson. Two skulls in the Galerie de Paleontologie of the Museum in Paris belong, in dimensions and in form, to the same variety of horse as that of Auvernier, and their special characteristics will now be considered. We can take up the thread of our argument at the point where we left it (p. 403) in order to identify these two skulls, which, if they had been African asses, would have been of fundamental importance as to the distribution of domestic animals in prehistoric times. (b) The copper time of the bronze age brought to Europe the small, slenderlimbed horses whose domesticated condition is for the first time certain; and which is proved also to have existed in: (c) The La Tene Period (iron) and which have been already treated by Studer,t Marek,t Kraemer,§ and others. (d) The Hallstatt Period seems, probably on account of the heavier armor of the cavalry of that time, to bring us already the heavy type of horse that we find in Roman times at Vindonissa; at least the skull from Schuettarschen, which will soon be treated of, differs in several respects from those of the bronze and La Thne periods. Unfortunately we have from Schuettarschen no bones of the extremities to aid in more exact discrimination. (e) The Roman Times bring us better, more abundant material, as we shall see in the finds from Vindonissa. *T. Marek, Das Helvetisch-Gallische Pferd, etc. Abhandl. Schweiz. paleont. Gesellsch., Zurich, 1898. tTh. Studer, Die Tierwelt in den Pfahlbauten des Bielersees. Mith. Berner naturf. Gesellsch., 1883. $J. Marek, Das Helvetisch-Gallische Pferd. Abhandl. d. Schweiz. pal. Gesellsch., xxv, I898. § Kraemer, Haustierfunde von Vindonissa. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, t. 7, 1899, pp. 143 et seq.
PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i FIG. 1. Norma later:alis of skull (restored) off the horse (l-cqurss caballlus p, Ivllii) frmSn pile dwellings at Alvernier (Switzerlalnd). Swiss National Museum, Zfirich. 2. Norma lateralis of skull of the ass of Ahladiel, IV dylnasty, Fgyl)t; coll. lby Flinders l'ctrie; British MNuseum, Natural Ilistory. 2
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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Page 184 and 185: 380 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202: __ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207: FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 215: PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
Page 221: PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
Page 227 and 228: FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
Page 229 and 230: CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 231 and 232: CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 233: CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 239: PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
Page 242 and 243: _ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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Page 250 and 251: --- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
Page 253: PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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Page 267 and 268: CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
Page 269 and 270: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
Page 271 and 272: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
Page 273 and 274: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
Page 277: PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
Page 280 and 281: 446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
Page 283: PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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