EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- ---~~~'-------- :~l---t-- ~- -:-- .. 71 ,j "* Op i I i I. lq f I` , t l !l 4 ~ " V- r )idi- -k:,i t ~~~~~~, I i E R % N A V:A L;r A 5la .v e.,. 70° Longitude east ;1° front Qreollwich MAP OF CENTRAL ASIA, SANILRKAND TO KASH(ARI From a map issued by the Military Topographic Division ofthe General Staff of the Russian Army, 1886 0 In Z O 30 40 c,0 60 70 80 90 i00 ilel, _ I__I_ 72 75 0- ----- *-·- Route of R. W. Pumpelly, 1904
CHAPTER XIV.-DESERTS. As the earliest traces of man in Central Asia show him living in oases, as he does to-day, the archeology of that region is centered on a study of the oases of antiquity, and this study must include surrounding deserts, for climatic and topographic changes have been everywhere so pronounced and have left records so intimately interwoven with the records of man that no comprehensive search into the conditions of his past life in Central Asia can be undertaken without some fundamental ideas about the cause and effect of desert changes. For our purpose a map of Asia should be regarded as no more than a passing picture of a struggle between land and sea, and mountains and storms-but one phase in the evolution of a continent. And it is not only the archeologist and physiographer or those who probe into the remote past who must assume this dynamic point of view. The pace of continental change is so fast that a man in his lifetime can watch the trend of great events, the change of great features, and know that hardly a branch of human affairs exists but must feel the effect. THE DESERT BAS<strong>IN</strong> AS AN ORGANIC WHOLE. Already in early Pliocene time Asia in her immensity L:ad developed a vast interior region of desert basins, into which were spread the wastes of then large existing mountain masses, the cores of which still remain as worn-down granites of the Tian Shan, Pamir, and Tibet. When treated as an organic whole a desert basin forms one of the most interesting features of our planet, and the laws of Nature, under which its oases are controlled, must be of vital interest to man. THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS OF A DESERT BAS<strong>IN</strong>. For our purpose this organic whole includes the area that drains thereto and may be divided into two parts-the inclosing mountains, ever worn into new relief by the storms of geologic time, and the plains they have created by the slow building, layer on layer, of their debris brought down by the waters and winds of those storms. The first requisite of a desert basin is aridity, sparsity of vegetation, and too little rainfall to carry the products of erosion away to the ocean. From the beginning of its definition as a desert basin self-contained, or hydrographically isolated from the ocean, each basin was destined to accumulate on its plains the debris of erosion sent from its inclosing ranges, and the inevitable sinking of the earth's crust that yielded as that load increased to a thickness of many thousand feet appears to have resulted in a corresponding upward displacement of its border ranges. How long this great process has been in operation may be conjectured from the immensity of beds of fine red desert strata that reach a thickness of many thousand feet where exposed on the uptilted borders of the 243
Page 1 and 2: EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3: Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7: VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 8 and 9: VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11: X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 16 and 17: 244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 28 and 29: 2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 32 and 33: 26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35: 262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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302 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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