EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX. THIE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS.-Contlinued. With post-glacial changes of climate began parallel regional differentiation of vegetation and types of horses .................................................... 429 The horse of Anau (Equus caballus pumnpellii) brought to Europe in the bronze age......... 430 Used later in ennobling Roman horses ............................................ 430 Genealogical chart of the races of domestic horses ..................................... 431 CHAPTEIR XX. CONCLUDING REMARKS .... .................................. ........... 433-442 M odern stock-raising in Transcaspia .................................................. 433 M ucke's theory of dom estication ..................................................... 436 Changes in relative percentages of different animals bred, due to secular climatic change...... 438 Importation of turbary sheep into Europe. ........................................... 439 Their occurrence at Schweizersbild discussed ............................................... 440 Dispersion of Anau cattle over the prehistoric world .................................... 440 Significance of the ox-cult ........................................................... 441 PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULLS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. G. SERGI. CHAPTER XXI. SKULLS FROM ANAU .................................................... 445-446 Representatives of the two oldest cultures differ absolutely from Mongolian type; closely resemble Mediterranean type ........................................ 446 Ta le of measurements ............... ......... .......... ........................... 446 PART VIII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FOUND IN THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. TI. MOLLISON. CIlAPTER XXII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME HUMAN REMAINS FOUND IN TIHE NORTI KURGAN, A N AU ............................................ ...... ......... 449-468 Enumeration of the bones from five adult individuals ................................... 449 The bones of individual I, from Culture II, described and racially compared ............... . 450-461 The bones of individual II, III, IV, and V described ................................... 462' The bones of children from Culture I ................................................. 463 Estimation of the height of the individuals ... ......................................... 463 Tabulation of the m easurem ents ..................................................... 465-467 B ib lio grap y ........ ............................ .................................. 46 8 PART IX. WHEAT AND BARLEY FROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. H. C. SCHELLENBERG. CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU .............. 471-473 Charcoal from Cultures I and II ..................................................... 471 Casts and siliceous skeletons of wheat and two-rowed barley from Culture I............... 471-473 Appendix to Professor Schellenberg's report, and note by R. P .......................... 473 PART X. STONE IMPIEMENTS AND SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN ANAU. LANGDON WARNER. CHAPTER XXIV ................................................................... 477-494 Report on the larger stone implements of the Kurgans at Anau ........................ 477-482 Sun mary of work done in Terrace II, North Kurgan ................................... 482-.84 Skeletons excavated in North Kurgan ................................................ 484-491 Skeletons excavated in South Kurgan ................................................ 491-494 Rsume.. .......................................................................... 494
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. SECOND VOLUME. PLATE. FACING PAGE. 61. Map of Central Asia (Samarkand to Kashgar) ............................................. 243 62. Twelve cross-sections of the Zerafshan Valley ............................................. 278 63. Profile of valley terraces and moraines from Osh to Kara Kul (19o3) . ........................ 298 64. Type-forns of kurgans in Fergana ............................................... 34 65. Map of the Anau Delta ............................................................... 320 66-69. Anau Shafts ...................................... ................... ......... .... 324 70 Ghiaur Kala shaft profile ..................................... ......................... 334 71. Bones of wolves and foxes from Anau ................................................... 346 72. Skull of Canis matris optimen from Anau compared with same from Bolhemia. Bones of Sus from A n a u . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . 346 73. Bones of Bos namadiculs from Anau I, Bos brach!ccros (Bolhemian turbarv),and camel from Anau II 360 74. Comparisons of basioccipital bones of )Oibos, Bubalus, and Taurus, and teetl of Yak, Bison, Bos, and Bubalus ................... .................................................. 360 75. Skulls of Ovis from Anau I and II ...................................................... 370 76. Horn-cores of Ovis, goat, and antelope. Metacarpus of (vis and goat. Basal part of antler of Cervus. All from Anau............................................................ 370 77. Bones of Equus from Anau I and II and Solutr6, and camel from Anau II ........................... 34 78. Bones of Bos from Anau and Bizino, and skull of goat from Crete ............................ 34 79 Egyptian Canis (marble, in the Louvre) and long-horned cattle (tomb of Manofer, 26) B. c.)..... 34 80. Skulls of Sus cristatus, after Rolleston, and Sus scrofa var. ferus, Gerany. ................... 392 S8. Skull of European urus in British Museum, and Hungarian bull skull in Vienna Museuri....... 392 82. Skulls of long-horned ox from Nepal, India, and COvis vigcRi from Ladak ...................... 392 83. Assyrian and Babylonian representations of wild bull and long-horned ox. IHorn-cores and skull of Ovis aries palustris (from England) ................................................ 396 84. Flock of gazelles; sculpture from Nineveh ............................................... 396 85. Map showing distribution, ancient and modern, of Bos taurus macroceros Duerst ............... 40 86. Map showing prehistoric and modern distribution of Ovis aries palustris Ritimeyer (turlbary sheep) .oo 87. Norma lateralis of skull of horse from pile-dwellings at Auvernier, Switzerland, colpa:lred witll same view of skull of Egyptian prehistoric ass of Abadieh (IV dynasty) .................. 41 8S. Norma verticalis of skulls of Equus przecwalskii and various prehistoric horses ................ 41 89. Norma lateralis of skulls of Equus przewalskii and two prehistoric horses .................... 41 go. Comparisons of metacarpi medii and metatarsi medii, Anatu horse .......................... 420 91. Comparisons of extremity bones, Anau horse ........................................... 420 92, 93. Human skulls from North Kurgan, Anau ............................................. 446 94-96. Human extremity bones from Anau in comparison witl those from other localities. ....... 464 97. Glumes of wheat and particles of barley in potsherds from Anau, compared in microscopic views with recent w heat and barley ....................................................... 474 TBXT-FIGURE. 431. Lake Kara Kul (north end) ............................................................ 251 432. A granite ridge at Kara Kul (showing the secular deflation of the Palir) .................... 252 433. Sand and arkose residuum of deflation (Kara Kul) ....................................... 253 434. Glacier of the Kara-at and a section of its valley 1.5 miles below (Kara Kul) ................ 255 435. A pool, where Kara Kul sediments have caved in over melting lobes of glacier ice............ 255 436. An ice dome and its third and fourth epoch moraines in the foreground (Kara Kul) ........ 256 437. A glacier northeast of K ara K ul ........................................................ 257 438. Springtime in the Alai Valley ................... ...................................... 260 439. Kirghiz making felt in the Alai Valley .................................................. 261 44 o . The Tokuz Kungei glacier (Alai Valley) ......................................... ........ 262 44 r . Alluvial terraces in the lower end of the Alai Valley ...................................... 263 442. The Kizil Su where it leaves the Alai Valley ............................................. 265 443. A Galcha Beg of Karategin with his hunting eagle ........................................ 266 444. Terraces of the Kizil Su in Karategin ................................................... 267 445. A bridge over the third-cycle terrace in Karategin ........................................ 268 446. A G alcha of K arategin ................................. .............................. 26) 447. A swim m er of rapids (K arategin) .................................... ................... 270 448. Fish traps of the K izil Su ............................................................. 271 449. Silk factory in K aratag ............................... .......... ...................... 271 450. Cross-profile of the Hissar Valley .................... ................................... 272 451. Kak Pass over the Hissar Mountains .................................................... 273 452. Thatched roofs in the Sardai-miona gorge ............................................... 275 453. A sled in the Hissar Valley ............................................................ 275 IX 'AGnE.
Page 1 and 2: EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3: Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7: VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 10 and 11: X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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Page 16 and 17: 244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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302 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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