EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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312 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. miles from its entrance the traveler meets with Usbeg camps of felt kibitkas side by side the Tadjik villages. The last kibitka is passed below Iori, above which the type strengthens into a pure Tadjik; and, as my Tadjik caravan men testified, Fig. 474.--Cliff-trail up the Zerafshan Gorge. Fig. 475.-A High Valley Oasis of the Zerafshan Gorge. all speak a good Galcha, a language said by philologists to be a pure remnant of Aryan. They are broad-shouldered, of medium stature, averaging something like 5 feet 9 inches, usually with black hair, bushy black beards, dark eyes, and clean-
OASES. 313 cut features of dark complexion, high foreheads, strong chins, and prominent noses. If it were not for their dark complexions, many of them would pass for Europeans. Some are lighter in complexion and some freckled, and one or two were seen with reddish hair and blue eves. They live in houses grouped into village oases, the high-valley type, from 200 to 600 feet alove the river, where the waters of tributary streams may be diverted for irrigation. Standing in contrast to the desolate slopes of barren rock that surround them, these oases with their gardens and apricot orchards and grain-fields are a welcome sight to the traveler who has struggled over miles of the rough trails that wind up their desert gorge. Lying as they do, surrounded Lb a wilderness of cliffs and bare declivities, each is isolated and self-supporting, separated from the next by miles of dangerous trail often cut as a half-tunnel in the canyoon wall hundreds of feet above its river; and there are long rock-hewn flights of steps up which pack-animals must struggle. Sometimes the cliff-cuts were so narrow and low-roofed that our packs had to be taken off and carried by hand. For about a hundred miles above Samarkand all houses are built of sunburnt brick. They are rectangular in plan and sometimes two-storied, with a courtyard for the horses and stalls on the ground floor; but most of them are Fig. 476.- A Village built of Cobble-stones laid with Sun-dried Brick (Zerafshan Gorge). smaller and only one-storied, about 8 feet high. All have flat roofs of ordinarily 8 inches of clay over brush laid on split saplings and hewn timbers. Proceeding upstream we find occasional courses of cobbles built into the house walls, and the proportion increases as we proceed till in the upper part of the valley we see houses built entirely of cobbles, cemented with clay, while even this cement is lacking in the last two or three villages near its glacier, where many of them are mere squalid huts with rounded corners and brush roofs, usually protected with felt. An important fact about these people is that they have no tradition of arrival in the land, but boast of having been there from the beginning of man. All the old mullahs questioned insisted upon this, and it points to a very ancient Aryan civilization of the valley. For thousands on thousands of years they may have lived there, undisturbed and isolated from the rest of Asia, building up a simple civilization uninterrupted, hardly feeling an echo from the tumultuous struggles that so often destroyed all culture on the plains.
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 44 and 45: 272 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68: - DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96: ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98: OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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