EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED <strong>IN</strong> SOUTH KURGAN. Skeleton No. 28.-In terrace C, at a level of 20.5 feet, we found the lowest burial of any. The bones were those of an adult, as the closed cranial sutures, worn teeth, and ossified epiphyses to the long bones clearly showed. (See fig. 548.) The skull was caved in and lying at one end of a neat bundle composed of the other parts of the skeleton. All the long bones had been gathered together as one would bundle sticks. That they had been previously dislocated was proved in that the lower ends in the case of the right leg and the right arm were found nearest the skull. But that the flesh had not been removed seems shown by the fact that the patellae were both in their correct relative positions. It was also clear that the dislocation had been done with some nicety or else that the limbs had been twisted apart, for the ends of the bones showed no scars or evidences of chopping as must surely have been the case had the body been merely hacked into "lengths" at the articulations. The skull had been placed on its base at the eastern end of the bundle. Looking over these burials brought to light in the South Kurgan at Anau, no such absolute results can be reached as from those of the northern one. Of the Io, only 3 are found in connection with the layers of ashes and burnt earth comparatively common in the other. Only two skeletons are accompanied by burial gifts, and no rule at all can be deduced from the orientation of the bodies, as we found them heading to nearly every point of the compass. However, on one point of prime importance the burials seem fairly constant, for we only found one case where the body was definitely arranged in a non-contracted position, and that, it is worth noting, was one of the two adults found in the kurgan. One burial was indeterminable in position, thus leaving 8 out of the io contracted. If, now, there is any basis of comparison between the civilizations of the two kurgans to justify my treating them together, the burials removed from both give us, in tabular form, the following results: Contracted on right side ................... 13 Found with burial gifts ..................... io Contracted on left side .................... 5 Found without burial gifts .................. 18 Indeterminable position ................... 5 Not contracted position .................... 5 Total ................................ 28 Total .............................. 28 A dult rem ains ............................. 4 Child remains............................. 24 Found on hearths ......................... 13 Found without hearths .................... 5 Total ................................ 28 Total.............................. 28 One can deduce from these figures that the people with whose culture we have to do buried their infants and young children in or near the dwellings, often over hearths of burnt earth and ashes; that in general the body was placed upon its side with the knees drawn up in a contracted position, and that burial gifts were often placed with the bodies, such as beads of stone or copper, flint knives, and clay spin-whorls. The mere presence of these objects in connection with the burials does not prove belief in a future life, for parental affection and sentiment might go far toward explaining them. But since in all history and in all prehistorical research there are no evidences of a people existing without a religion or cult, we can fairly assume that the burial gifts found in the Anau kurgans throw some light on the beliefs of the inhabitants.
<strong>IN</strong>DEX. [NTE.--The asterisk (*) indicates that the reference is to an illustration.] PAGE. Abadieh ....... 368, 403, 404,409, 410, 414, 415,417 A bassi.................................. 414 A bbeville ............................... 376 Abydos................................. 353 Adachi, B. and V ........................ 460 A den .................................. 414,415 Adobe roof (with or without wood), relation of, to growth of Kurgans ....... 299, ff. Afrosiab, ruins of .................... .... 311 profile of .................... ....... 311* Aikart, Pass, Valley ...................... 282 A inos .................................. 456 A k-su .................................. 283 Alai erosion cycles ....................... 287 Alai Mountains ............ 264, 267, 275, 277,289 uplifted and tilted ................... 264 erosion cycles in ..................... 287 Alai Valley ........................ 259, ff., 260* physiography of .................... 259-264 route through, from Bactra to Kashgar 307-310, 309* terraces in.......................... 263* Albrecht .............................. 351,352 A lem anni ............................... 453 A lexander.............................. 332 Alluvial activity as a barrier to the formation of dunes.................... 244 Alluvial deposition, man's control of, at Anau. 324, ff. Alluvial deposition at Merv ................ 332, ft. Alluvial terraces ......................... 263 Alluvial zone in an ideal desert basin ...... 247-248 in the Tarim Basin .................. 283-286 in the Fergana Basin ................. 290 in the Aralo-Caspian Basin....... 294-295, 298 Alluviation of the Kizil Su gorge in Karategin. 274 of the Zerafshan gorge ............... 278-279 Alluviation, glacial, see Glacial Alluvium, wind-blown derivatives of.... 246, 283, ft. "natural sediments" and their relation to the archeology of Anau ..... 329, ft. of M erv ........................ 335, ft. Altai........... ............ 387,388 Amu-darya (Oxus) ..................... 292,295 Anau, animal remains from excavations at.. 341-442 estimation of amount of erosion on North Kurgan at.... ............ 305 human skulls from excavations at.....445-446 physiography of .................... 320-330 peculiarities of, as an oasis type I (b)... 320, ft. relative percentage of different animals in Anau I and II ............ 341-342 some human remains from excavations at449-468 stone implements from the excavations at ....................... 477-484 skeletons excavated at.............. 484-494 wheat and barley from North Kurgan at 471-473 Anau-li, irrigation deposits left by.........326, ff. Anau Su, in irrigation .................... 325 erosion cycles of ..................... 322 Anchitherium ........................... 424 Andamanese ............................ 456 Andidjan ............................... 308 PAGE. Annandale .............................. 459 Antelope ............................. . 342 Antelopin e ............................. 382 Anthony, R ............................. 407 Appianus ............................... 431 Apis of Egypt ...................... 359, 364, 365 Arachosia............................... 362 Aralo-Caspian Basin, physiography of ..... 291-298 Arctic overflow of the Aralo-Caspian ....... 292 Arezzo .............................. 427,430 Aridity of desert basins reintensified at the beginning of each erosion cycle 248 Aridity of the Northern Pamir........... 251-253 of the Aralo-Caspian basin during the beginning of the second erosion cycle.................. 292-293, 298 of the Aralo-Caspian basin at present, the beginning of the fourth erosion cycle ..................... 295, 298 Arkose................................. 253 See Deflation of Pamir. Aryan dialect in the Zerafshan Valley ..... 265, 312 Ashur-nasir-pal .......................... 361 Asia, the continent from a dynamic point of view ....................... 243 A sinus africanus ......................... 403 Askhabad ............................... 302 artesian well at ...................... 249 Ass ............. 403,407,408, 409, 413,414,415 Assyria ................................ 351,361 Australians ............................ 459, 461 Auvernier ...... 353, 397, 403,404, 409,410,417,426 Babylonia ............... 351, 360, 361, 440 Bactria, Alai Valley route from, to China. .307-310 Bairam Ali .............................. 333 Bajuvars .............................. 453, 456 B aku ................................... 302 Bal Kuwi, physiographic shaft at ......... 327-328 Balkhan Gulf .......................... 296-297 Balyakandosc........................... 317 Barley and wheat, casts of, in potsherds from Anau I ............... 471-473 B ern ................................... 345 Birch, yellow ............................ 273 Blainville (de) ........................... 404 B lasius ................................. 370 Bohemia ................................ 345 Bokhara............................... 265,276 at the mercy of Samarkand ........... 319 route from, to Hissar ................. 310 Bos................................... 341-342 namadicus Falconer & Cautley ..... 359, ff., 435 primigenius Bojanus ................. 359, ff. macroceros Duerst ............... 359, 365, 368 taurus.............................359, 362 paleogaurus ......................... 363 taurus macroceros Duerst .............. 363, f. frontalis ......................... .. 363 brachyceros Riitimeyer ............ 364, ft., 440 opistonomus ...................... 364 taurus brachyceros ................... 440, 441 I
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
Page 289 and 290: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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Page 324 and 325: 478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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Page 342 and 343: II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 344 and 345: IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
Page 346 and 347: VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
Page 348 and 349: VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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