EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

362 ANIMAL REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. We know further that great numbers of these large animals were killed by tle Assyrian king Ashur-nasir-pal, on the hunting grounds near the Euphrates. Aristotle mentions the occurrence of the buffalo with horns curved back to the neck, in Arachosia, the Persian province Khokand; and Chosroes II (591 to 628 A. D.) is represented on a silver plate in the National Library of Paris as hunting this animal.* There can be no doubt that two large bovine animals lived in very ancient times in Northern Persia in proximity to the Anau kurgans. Which of these two animals furnished the bones we are discussing and was the one hunted by the ancient Anau-li? Fortunately there are among the bones from the deepest layers of the kurgan several which enable us to answer this question. These are fragments of a right branch of a lower jaw, which I have restored, a basioccipital bone, and a fragment of a horn-core. Table of dimenssions (in millimeters). North Kurgan. Bos namadicus Bos primige- Bubalus L.ower jaw. Anau. Narbada nius arnee 20 ft. (Brit. Mus.). (Mfus. Bern). (Paris). Lengthl ............... . ... .......... 4.... 44. .... 455 Iength of dentition ....................... 162 171 i61 125 Iength of m olars .................. . ....... Ioo 10 104 . ,ength of precmolars ............... ........ 76 56 .... Length of toothless part ............. ..... . 11-7 i ... 154 Width of ascending branch . .............. 136 142 ... 139 Height of horizontal branch at prelnolar .... 53 51 45 51 Width of incisive part ..... ........... 7.X s83 8. 102 North Kurgan,' " prT,li- HItsi(lcipil)itatl neilt.'. An au . s Kirken- , ,ttru,. Hos 17 ft. dorightshire Walthalistow. (Mils. London). Length of condyle ..................................... 110 130 Io5 \\idth of foram en ........ ........... .. .. 4.. 43 .... W idl t h above condlyle........ .... ............... ....... 6 6 .... \idtlh on uppler protubllerances .................. . 6 72 57 Width on tulercula pharyngee ......................... 3 7 37 26 L|ength from ultler l)rottiueranees to tubercula pharyngete.. 44 46 . . Lateral length of basioccipital . ......................... 92 94 76 Circumference Vertical lr felice
incisive part. These qualities are easily recognizable in the table of dimensions above. It is clear enough that the present lower jaw belongs, not to a buffalo, but to a large taurine animal like the European urus. The well-preserved basioccipital bone shows equally well a marked difference between buffalo and taurus (see plate 74, figs. 2-3). In the buffalo it approaches more the type of Ovis, is rather short, and the tubercula pharyngeae predominate vis-a-vis the upper protuberances. In regard to size, the basioccipital of Anau corresponds very exactly with that of the skulls of Bos primigenius of the British Museum. Lastly, the fragment of a horn-core (plate 78, fig. 2) denotes a round-horned animal and not a bovid with flat horns of quadrangular or triangular cross-section. This fragment represents the basal part of a left horn-core with some frontal pieces attached. Its surface is granulous, therefore it seems to have belonged to an adult individual. The core is at the base filled with some spongy bone substance, which gives the impression that it must have bAlonged to a gigantic individual with enormous horns, like those found by Abbe David in the Chinese loess near Suen-hua-fu. This is corroborated by the measurements compared with those of several other horn-cores of Bos namadicus and Bos primigenius, which are remarkable for their size. It is, therefore, proved beyond doubt that a large taurine animal furnished the bones in question, and in the light of our researches concerning the wild bovine animals of these regions, it must certainly have been the Bos namadicus Falconer & Cautley, i. e., the Asiatic urus. Of the bovine group, there remain to be considered only the Taurina proper and the Protaurina, as well as the bison and yak. Here, too, the teeth offer an easy means of discrimination. According to Rutimeyer* (i): "Bison and yak have become so sharply characterized that their teeth can be distinguished from those of Taurus, Bubalus, and of the Bibovina (Protaurus mihi) through the weakest development of the accessory columns." This difference is more clearly shown on plate 74. It will be seen from fig. 4 that in this specimen of Pcephagus grunniens from Nepal, male, about 6 years of age, the construction of the teeth is very simple. It is No. 6 ia; 5ab 28, No. 152, British Museum. On the other hand, fig. 5, Bos namadicus (specimen 36672), called by Rutimeyer Bos palveogaurus (Paleontological Gallery, British Museum); fig. 6, Bos primigenius Bojanus, Pleistocene, Grays (Essex) (No. 21296, 21647, Paleont. Gal., British Museum); fig. 7, a molar series from Anau; fig. 8, Bos taurus nacroceros, long-horned cattle brought from Nepal by Hodgson, 1848 (?) (British Museum) (skull, plate 82, fig. i); fig. 9, Bos frontalis Evans, from Assam (British Museum); fig. io, Bubalus occipitalis Falconer (Probubalus triquetricornis Riitimeyer, No. 16173, Paleont. Gal., British Museum) show more and different plications of the enamel-folds. *Versuch einer Natirlichen Geschichte des Rindes, I Abteilung, p. 9r. CAVICORNIA. 363
Page 1 and 2:
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3:
Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7:
VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 8 and 9:
VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11:
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 14 and 15:
-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17:
244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35:
262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41:
268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43:
270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 50 and 51:
Page 53 and 54:
DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56:
DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58:
DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60:
DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62:
DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64:
DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66:
DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68:
- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70:
DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72:
DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73:
'1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77:
300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 93 and 94:
OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96:
ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98:
OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99:
PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104:
324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109:
PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
Page 116 and 117: 326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 118 and 119: 328 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
Page 144 and 145: _ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
Page 152 and 153: 3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
Page 159: PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 173: PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202: __ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207: FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 212 and 213:
396 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 215:
PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
Page 218 and 219:
398 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 221:
PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
Page 225 and 226:
CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
Page 227 and 228:
FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
Page 229 and 230:
CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235:
PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
Page 239:
PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
Page 242 and 243:
_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 244 and 245:
414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
Page 253:
PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
Page 269 and 270:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
Page 271 and 272:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
Page 273 and 274:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
Page 275 and 276:
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
Page 277:
PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
Page 280 and 281:
446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
Page 283:
PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
Page 287 and 288:
CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
Page 289 and 290:
HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303:
PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
Page 307:
PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
Page 310 and 311:
- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
Page 312 and 313:
468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
Page 317:
REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
Page 321:
PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
Page 324 and 325:
478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 340 and 341:
494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
Page 342 and 343:
II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 344 and 345:
IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
Page 346 and 347:
VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
Page 348 and 349:
VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
Page 350:
x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
show all

EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?