EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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370 ANIMAL REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. OV<strong>IN</strong>A. WILD SHEEP. Ovis vignei arkal Lydekker. (See plate 75, fig. 1; plate 76, figs. 1-4 and 8; plate 82, fig. 2). Among the bones which are assignable to the sheep there are several fragments of very large horn-cores, which could in part be put together, forming then the calvarium (plate 75, fig. I). This comes from culture I a layers from a depth of -20 feet and, therefore, belonged to a contemporary of the oldest period. In order to identify this fragment of a skull we must first learn whether we have to do with a wild or domesticated sheep. This question, thanks to the better bones, is easier to determine than it was in the case of the Anau bovids. There is no domestic sheep which shows horns corresponding even approximately to these horn-cores. We find them, however, among wild sheep. Among the wild sheep that might come in question are those of the steppes, Ovis orientalis Gmelin (Ovis arkal Brandt) and those of the Kopet Dagh, which Lydekker calls Ovis vignei arkal. It is now evident that, even according to Lydekker, there is no great difference between these two forms of sheep, and that it will not be possible to show any differences from the few bones, since the species and subspecies are based only on characters of skin and horn. I would remark here that in my preliminary report of last year to Professor Pumpelly, without then knowing of the occurrence of the urial in the Kopet Dagh, I wrote: "These large spongy horn-cores seem to belong to the forms of Ovis orientalis Gmelin, seu 0. arkal Brandt, although they are but little different from Ovis vignei Blyth." The Kopet Dagh sheep was named Ovis arkal in 1857 by Blasius and is evidently allied to the urial of the Punjab race, with which Lydekker has proposed to identify it.* In a more recent treatiset Lydekker studies an adult skull of this animal and says: It will be remembered that the Punjab race of the urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros), at any rate as exemplified by the specimens from Peshawer and Afghanistan in the British Museum, differs from the typical Ovis vignei of Astor and I.adak in the much greater prominence of the two front angles of the horns, which are often raised into nodose beads, between which the front surface of the horn is depressed and carries bold and widely separated transverse ridges. In the Kopet Dagh urial the prominence of the front angles of the horns is still more pronounced, though the beading is somewhat less conspicuous. Moreover, the front surface of the horn is unusually broad and flattened, with the transverse wrinkles very low and indistinct. The length of the horn is 33 inches along the inner front angle, with a basal circumference of 1 inches, a basal width of 3 inches and a basal depth of 4 inches. The last two dimensions are considerably greater than in a skull of the urial, measured by Mr. Hume, in which the length along the curve is 35 inches. The Kopet Dagh urial appears decidedly to be a distinct form connected with the typical Ovis vignei by the Punjab race of that species. On these grounds I regard it as a local race, rather than a species; its name will accordingly be Ovis vignei arkal (or perhaps arcal). * Lydekker, \ild Oxen, Sheep. and Goat, p. 173. t ,ydekker, Note on the \ild Sheep, of the Kopet Dagh, Proc. Zool. Soc.,Feb. 3, 1903, pp. 102-3.
PLATE 75. 2 I''(;. 1. Skulll (lIostcrior vicwr) \ithl incorl('lIt cl orn colres fr()m Ofi.r vize, anrkil (,f A A:u. period 1i,. 2. Skull (poxstcrior Viewc) of (0 i.s tf/ll.ttrip, Arir\ Alill. lprii() I. (C(i)llp;are pldal1 83, fig 2.) 3. Skull (latcral view) of liornless slicee of p period II (rcstorcd). f
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 120 and 121: 330 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
Page 144 and 145: _ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
Page 152 and 153: 3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
Page 159: PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 173: PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202: __ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207: FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 215: PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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