EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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368 ANIMAL REMA<strong>IN</strong>S FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. Table of dimensions (in millimeters).-Continued. Lower Lenth jaw. of Length. of Width of Lower jaw. Length. dentition. toothless 'pcessus ascending ylus of part. branch. processus glenoidalis. North Kurgan, Anau, No. 912, - +8 feet ............... ...... .... .... 118 45 Mummied bull of Abadieh (Egypt), Mus. London ...... Bos brachyceros, Walthamstow, 375 135 109 19 44 coll. Duerst ................. 38 127 89 88 39 Bos taurus macroceros:. . Watussi, Mus. Berlin ........ 340 123 104 114 .... Hungary, Mus. Vienna....... 395 136 86 18 44 Somil, Mus. Berlin ......... 325 14 93 . Diameter of Diameter of D ia i Atlas. Length of W idth of Length of Dianterior meter of Diamsterof posterior corpus. | ala. +ale., articulation. aperture. articulation. North Kurgan, Anau, No. 1567, -6 feet......... 50 234 123 143 52 1i2 Bos primigenius Riitimeyer 56 255 147 150 115 The horn-cores of the tame bovid of Anau are represented only by fragments of the bases, and by several pieces from the inner curve of the cores. The one measurable horn-base is about 23 cm.; one of the longest fragments of the inner curve of the core has a length of 24.2 cm., which corresponds to an approximate length of horn-core of 32 cm. We find in some subfossil and recent macroceros bovids the following corresponding dimensions in millimeters, and the horn-cores from Anau would, therefore, correspond very well to the old Egyptian bovid: l~~~i [|*~j Circumference Iength of Longitudinal i Transverse I~ ......... at base. .. horn-core. diameter. I diameter. Fgyptian long-horns from Ahadieh (Mus. London): No. 6 .................. ...... 16 .... 55 44 No. 5. .. ..................... 190 270 64 56 Hungarian bull, Vienna............ 250 520 66 8 Apis skull of Halle ................. 270 405 ... . As in my memoir on the Fauna of the Schlossberg zu Burg a. d. Spree (pp. 254, 255) and the size of the domestic cattle found there, so in this case I shall calculate the height of the withers from the separate bones, in order to make clear the form and size of the Anau bovid. For Bos namadicus, calculating the length of lower jaw, tle length of skull along the base is 51 cm. and the height of the withers in the live animal is 149 cm. For Bos taurus macroceros we obtain, according to comparative measurements, and basing our calculation on the metacarpus, which has a distance of 60 cm. from its distal end to the proximal end of the radius, a height of the withers in the living animal of 153 cm.
CAVICORNIA. 369 Some comparative withers heights are given below: cm. Bos primigenius, skeleton at Berlin ............... 168 Bos namadicus, Narbada Valley India, calculated from the length of the skull (50.8 cm.) in the British Museum .......................... .. 49 Bos namadicus, Anau ........................... 149 Apis skeleton (Bos taurus macroceros) Paris ........ 154 Bos taurus macroceros, Anau ..................... 153 Hungarian cattle ............................... . 50 Short-horn cattle ............................... 149-122 East Frisian cattle ............... . ........... 149-137 Swiss Simmental cattle .......................... 145-137 It is probable that the measurement calculated from the lower jaw for Bos namadicus is rather small, because the lower jaw is perhaps that of a smaller or female individual. We have unfortunately no means of checking this, unless we calculate the height of the withers from the width of the metacarpus. This small measurement, however, leaves a very uncertain result. We obtain 158 cm. in our special case. In any event, the two calculated withers heights suffice perfectly to show that we have to do with large, stout bovids, in both wild and domesticated forms. We can therefore recapitulate as follows concerning the results of our study of the bovids of Anau: In the lower layers of the period I a, from -24 feet upward, there occur the remains of a wild Bos namadicus Falconer & Cautley. During period Ib there originates from this wild form a domesticated bovid, large and stately, provided with long horns. Judging from the measurements of the preserved bones, this is absolutely the same ox that was possessed by the ancient Egyptians. In the period II the size of the animal seems to have somewhat diminished, unless possibly a smaller bovid may have reached Anau with the other newly imported domestic animals. It is, however, possible that this small form of cattle of the culture II originated in a decline of the cattle-breeding of the later Anau-li; as indeed the originally large, long-horned ox of the early Babylonians had already become small and short-horned in Assyrian times, and to-day, after a relatively shorter interval, shows a tendency to become hornless. The existence of the short-horned cattle in Western Central Asia is also shown by the discovery of a skull in a kurgan of bronze time in Bizino, near Tobolsk (plate 78, fig. 6). We find the long-horned form of domestic cattle already in the time of the Babylonians about 4000 to 5000 B. C., in Mesopotamia, as appears on a cylinder seal of those times. We see on this seal the representation of two oxen, moving through a field of grain. Still better known and more available for comparison, because of the greater quantity of existing bone, whole skeletons, skulls, etc., is the occurrence of long-horned cattle dating from the earliest times in Egypt. I have previously discussed the connection of these bovids with the African and European forms. It follows clearly from the distributions of the long-horned cattle over Asia and Europe that the Anau bovids also had an influence in forming the European domestic cattle, as we shall endeavor to show later.
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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Page 159: PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
Page 173: PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
Page 191: PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
Page 195 and 196: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
Page 197 and 198: -- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
Page 199 and 200: ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
Page 201 and 202: __ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
Page 203: PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
Page 207: FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
Page 215: PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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398 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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