EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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VI <strong>IN</strong>DEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, subfossil, and recent-Continucd. Westeregeln (diluvial)... 392, 395, 396, 412 413, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423,425,426, 427 Wohontsch (neolithic) ....... 392, 419, 429 Yana River (diluvial) ... .37, 388, 392-396 Zielkanal (bronze-iron) .......... 415,426 IHostomlitz ........ 367,390, 411-415,417-421,425 H oughton .............................. 352 Houses, construction of adobe ............. 300* varieties and relations to growth of kurgans .. ................ 299-300 grading from sun-dried brick to cobblestone . ...................... 313 Human remains of five adults, from North Kurgan at Anau; anatomical measurements and racial cornparisons ................... 449-468 Human records classified geologically..... 299 Humpl)rey... .......... .......... .... 459 H unger Steppe .......................... 295 HuIntington, E ................... 275, 302, 305 Hyak Darya ................... 272 Ibx.x .................................. 26o Ice dom e ............................... 256* Ice cave of the Zerafshan ............... 276, 278* Iceland .............. .... 415 Iceland ponies ................ .......... 416 Inscriptions, Arabic ...................... 316 lori ....................... 312 lori K urgan ........................... 314, 317* Irkes'ita .............................. 308 Iron D oor .............................. 308 Irrigation terraces, abandoned .......... 326*, 327* Irrigation sedi Imenlts, irrigation terraces, origin an.d description of .......... 325, 326 tabulated with deposits from man, water, and wind ............. 328 how they are recognized .............. 329 interbedded with "canal sediments"... 336 Iskander (Alexander) .................... 311 Iskander Kala ........................... 333 Japanese ..................... 455, 459, 460, 461 Jaxartes River .......................... 310 Jeitteles ............................... 350, 353 K afirnigan ............................. 270, 274 K ak Pass ............................. 272, 273* K anaka ................................ 270 K ar Bugas ... .......................... 245 Karakorum ............................ 249, 25I1 Kara K il ......................... 251-2 9, 251* Kara Kuii desert ........................ 398 Kara Kum ..................... 297, 324, 330, 435 Kara Kum, ancient and modern dunes of .. 327, fl. transgressed lby the inland sea ........ 293, 294 K aratagh ............................... 270 Karategin and Hissar, )physiography of ... 265-274 Kara 'el)e (W estern) .................... 31 7 Karaul Tepe ................... 317 K as'.gar ................................ 282 ancient route to Bactra ............... 308, fl. Kashika Su ..................... 261 Katta Kara Muk ....................... 259, 265 Kava st ................................. 317 Keller, C . ........................ 351, 353, 373 K e:na .. .... .......................... 403 Kes4erloc:i . ......... 3)1, 3')2. 3)4. .3) ' . 412,. 413 417, 42I, .22, 423, 42, 426,- 27, .412 PAGEI. K eyak Bos i ............................ 259 K hojent ................................ 289 K hokand ............................... 362 Kiang ......................... 387,390,391,392 K ibitkas ............................... 260,312 Kirglhiz . ......................... 253, 260, 434 Kirghiz making felt ...................... 261* Kirkendorighltshire ....................... 362 K irsten ........ ......................... 407 K ittl ................................... 353 K izil A rt ............................... 263 Kizil Su .................. 258, 259, 261,269, 265* of Tarim ........................... 282, 283 terraces in the Alai .................. 263, ff. gorge of Karategin .................. 265-269 abandoned valley of .................. 272 terraces .................. 267*, 268* Klaatsch ...................... 451,454 Kodishar Kurgan .................. 315, 316, 319* Konigsfelden ................... 411,412,414,417 K onshin ........................... 292, 294, 296 Kopet Dagh ................... 244, 292, 347,357 370, 371, 376, 395, 435 Mountains, as seen from Anau ......... 324 Mountains, block uplifts and develop- Inent of the topography of .... 322, ff. Kotan Darya ............................ 283 Kowalewski ........................ 405, 421, 422 Kraener, H ................ 351, 385,398, 399, 410 414, 418,420, 429,430 Krasnovodsk ....................... 295, 296, 302 Kreisgruben............................ 418 K u lan .................................. 394 Kurgan, calculation of the amount of erosion on North Kurgan, Anau ...... 305 Kurgans, sec Culture Deposits. Kutterschitz .. . ................ 414, 415, 417 Iacustrian zone ......................... 244, ff. evolution of, in an ideal desert basin.. 247, 248 Lake K ara K l .......................... 252, ff. Lakes of the desert, temporary or permanent.. 244 their organic relations in the desert basin. 244 interior brackish lakes, climatic and orogenic control of the salinity and surface-area of .............. 245 Lake-shore oases (type V) ............... 301, 302 Landslides, silting of lakes formed by ...... 282 of the Zerafshan in the third erosion cycle 277 Langugest .............................. 425 La T ne ................... 356, 390-392, 397, 410 415, 418, 425, 426, 428 Iea Valley .............................. 375 Ieberon, M t ............................ 424 Leboucq ................................ 459 Le'hnmann, Dr ............................ 404 l,e'hmann-Nitsche, R ..................... 453 I,eitmeritz ................ 391, 392, 403, 419, 429 Lena .................................. 391, 393 Lesbre, X .................. 4 , 0 6, 407,408, 409 L essar ........ ................. ........ 296 Liebshausen ............................. 411 Ligerz ........ .......................... 397 Lignitz . .............................. 411,426 Ljachow ................... ............. 394 Lob-nor ............................... 283, 286 Loess, a wind-blown derivative of alluvium and uncovered lake sediments. 244 also derived from deflation of the arid heights of Pamir ............ 245, 253 in the A i V'.llev ........... ........ 260-261
<strong>IN</strong>DEX. VII PAGE. | Loess- Contin ted. fault-scarp and deep accumulations of loess in the Hissar Valley.... 270-271 derived fromn the flood-plains of glacial alluviation................. 281-282 section of interbedded loess and alluvium ..................... 282, 284* erosion surfaces of dead loess in Fergana. 290 accumulated during tle past in the Aralo- Caspian Basin ............... 298 as a protection against the erosion and obliteration of ancient kurgans. 306 at A nau ............................ 328 underlying the dune-sand and alluvium at Merv ................... 336, ff. recent warping of the Sa:arkand loess steppe...................... 281 L ondon ................................. 345 London wall ........................... 375,379 L ourdes ................................ 392 Louverne ...................... 392,403,419, 429 Louvres ........................... ..... 392 Lucas, F. A ............................. 360 Luescherz ............................... 415 I utschka ............................... 383 Lydekker ............................... 370 Madelaine .............................. 392 Major J. C. Forsyth ......... 421, 422,423, 424, 428 Malays ..... ............... .. ... . 455 Man as a geologic factor ................. 299-30 Manchuria ............................. 310, ff. Manghishlak ........................... 34 M anisht ................................ 324 Manisht Valley ......................... 322 M anitch ................................ 292 Manouvricr, I,..............45, 455, 456, 458, 463 M aple, sugar ............................ 273 Maracanda, sce Afrosial). Maraglla ............................... 435 Marek, J .............................. 4o, 427 M arghelan ............................. 287, 317 M arkan Su ......................... 2 25s, ,282 Martin, R .............. 449, 453,454,455, 457,459 M atschie .................. ............ 398, 402 Mediterranean connected witll the Tertiary Sea of Asia ................. 292 M elancsians ........................ 459, o, 461 Merv, ruins of ancient ................... 331-337 Millitinskaya, river-cut mounds of ........ 318-320 M ing Y ole .............................. 309 Mithras ....................... .......... 431 Modi .................................. 431 M ohringen .............................. 41 Mollison, Dr. Tll., on human re:iains fro:m Anau I and II .............. 449-468 M onfalet, D ............................ 4 5,406 M oosseedorf....................... 415 Moraines on the Pamir ................... 254, ff. in the Alai Valley.................... 26i, fl. in the alluvium of the third erosion-cycle terrace of tle Zcrafslan ...... 279 underlying the present glaciers of Pamlir 258 of third and fourth epochs ............ 256* Mounds of Millitinskaya ............ 318-320, 321* Mountain peak south of Zerafs'lan Glacier. . 276* Mountains, peripheral to a desert basin.... 243-246 records of climatic change in .......... 247 cyclical movements of............... 247-250 on the Pam ir ......... 2...............2 1, f/. Ali and Trans-AlLi ..... ........... . 259, ff. of Karategin ........ .............. 267, /1. the H issar ...................... . 273* Ii I PAGc. Moumntains-Continucid. differential uplift of ................. 275 of half-consolidated gravel and uptilted piedmonts in the Tarim Basin. 282, t. erosion cycles in the Alai............. 287 uplift of the Tian Shan ............... 27, . relative heights of Pa:lnir and Kopet Dagh in former ages ......... 292 Mucke, R ...................... 382,435,436,437 M uk Su ................................. 268 Mura Pass ............................ 31 M urg-ab R iver .......................... 295 Murg-ab Delta, Oases of ............ 330-337, 331* M ushketoff .............................. 296 Musri .................................. 384 Naegelstedt............................. 75 N alps ................................. 3 5,379 N am angana .............................. 289 Narbada ........................... 362,36),428 Neandertal man .................... 451, 453, 455 Nehring. . .355,356, 383, 839, 34,386, 392, 394, 397 402,405,406,408, 410,412,414,426,42),441 Negritos ....................... 455, 45(6,459,46 Negroes .................. 455,456,459,460o,461 N epal ................................. 363 ,364 New Caledonians ........................ 456 N ile ................... ............... 302, ,137 N oack .................................. 29 N uescll, J ............................... 44 N ussdorf ................................ 4 Oases, physiograplhy of ................. 299-337 classification of ................... .301 -303 Obu-garnm t-galri. ..................... ............ . 265--2(9, 265-269,272,274 272, 274 Olu-siob canal, a loess cliff of.......... 284* relations to Afrosia ................. 31 Odontche Tepe..........................334* ()lmiitz................................. 350 ()rogenic miovements, prcglacial ........... 277 Osborn, I-. I.................... .102 (siris .................................. 41 ( sk ............................... ... 289 O( O:)tto ................................ ... 355 ()vina of Anau I and II .................. 370-3s s arics. ........................... 377 ari(s palustris liitilecyer..... 373, f/., 439, 44 arics steatlopyga Fitz ................. 37 ariis studeri ......................... 7 arkal .............................. 3 1 arkal Brandt ........................ 370 arkal palustris....................... 37 musinmon ........................... 381 oplion . ... ........................ 371 oricntalis Gmelin ................... 37o-371 platyura (egyptir.................... 377 platyura bucharica .................. 376-377 poli................................ 252 vignci Blytl ........................ 371, 1 j vign(i arkal Lydekker....... 370, 372, 375,435 tables of measurements and conparisons ................. 371--372 vignci cycloceros ..................... 37( ammotragus iragclaphus ............... 373 Owen, R.................. 386, 401,4o4,405,409 Ox cult ................................ 441 Ox, domestic, of Anau I and II ........... 364-370 tables comparing long-horned, of I, and short-horned, of II, with remains from 1Eurol)e and with Egyptian long and shorthorned Aplis .............. 366 3(69
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
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DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
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DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
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DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
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DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
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DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
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DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
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- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
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DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
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DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
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'1 PLATE 63 NW -
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300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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- .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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Page 295 and 296: HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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Page 321: PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
Page 324 and 325: 478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
Page 330 and 331: 484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
Page 338 and 339: 492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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Page 342 and 343: II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
Page 344 and 345: IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
Page 348 and 349: VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
Page 350: x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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