EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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318 PIHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. part surrounded by a broad moat between it and a crescent-shaped plateau of culture debris left open on the south. The long embankment, Io feet high, appears to be the remains of a wall built late in the city's history when it had expanded to that extent. In size these ruins approach those of the Merv delta, while their older portions are much older in appearance. The only pottery found in small exploration pits to a depth of 2 or 3 feet on top of the citadel was wheel-turned, red, vesicular black, and light-gray, while similar pits on the plateau west exposed human skulls. Here may be a column of records down through the Gr.eco-Bactrian age into horizons contemporary with Anau's South Kurgan culture. FCMAN TPPF Fig. 482.-Urmitan Kurgan. Eeman Tepe, about half a mile southeast of Dshisak Station, stands 65 feet out of the plain as a citadel of special importance to us, for, though of an ancient round-worn form, it rises into glazed-ware time. Its culture was explored with a few shallow exploration pits on top and has been exposed in terraces, cut in near its base, where natives have taken d6bris, presumably for fertilizer. In these were found two or three specimens of glazed ware and glass and much red and gray wheel-turned pottery, some of it with inciseddesigns. It is a mound of rich culture, abounding in bones, ashes, and hearths. Here may bea column through the period of which so little is known, that between Mohammedan and early Graco- Bactrian times, perhaps overlap- ping part of Kara Tepe (western). RIVER-CUT MOUNDS OF MILLIT<strong>IN</strong>SKAYA. The valley of I)jillan-ooti Darya, otherwise known as Timur's Gate, is a remarkable example of the hydrographic complications brought about by uplift of mountains, whose round-worn, outlying, terminal spurs were well-nigh buried in waste. Before its uplift alluviation from the Zerafshan appears to have overflowed, or nearly overflowed, the worn-down Millitinskaya spur and possibly coalesced with the Syr Darva plains, so that the Djillan-ooti Darya found its way out to the Syr Darya. Uplift resulted in the Djillan-ooti excavation of Timur's Gate, widened during quiescence to a flood-plain about two-thirds of a mile wide. Even after this the ancients led Zerafshan water from Pendyakent through an old
OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan-ooti, and it is thought the Zerafshan might still be diverted north to join the Syr. If so, Bokhara lies at the mercy of the rulers of Samarkand. When the two now river-cut mounds were built the Djillan-ooti was alluviating its whole flood-plain with a sluggish flow of water carrying fine silt and spreading through a dense mass of rushes on either side of a gravel-strewn channel. Much - - - o> I o line A B. ori zontal 400 FEET _ _ A- 5-B ::- B *,I" A PIP X_ 9 Zoo 400 F LET I Fig. 483.-Map and Section of Kodishar Kurgan. of the flood-plain must have been a marsh, as the layers exposed are matted with rushes now in part replaced by carbonate. The remarkable arching of layers was doubtless caused by a compression of organic constituents. Neither mound can be attributed to debris of occupation, as there are scarcely any culture remains,
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
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244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
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262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
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Page 46 and 47: 274 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68: - DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73: '1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95: ut that would not detract from the
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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Page 127 and 128: OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
Page 129: OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
Page 135: INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
Page 138 and 139: 346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
Page 141: PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
Page 144 and 145: _ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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350 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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