EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. GREAT FEATURES OF THE HISSAR VALLEY. Hissar becomes of interest because of the extraordinary hydrography of its great valley. Opposite ancient Bactra a 15-mile wide strip of steppe sweeps up from the Oxus embayment into this valley, continuing northward up the Surkhan River as far as Karatagh, then bending due east into the wide open valley of Hissar. This portion of the valley-floor averages 2,500 feet in elevation, and is distinguished for its utter lack of a trunk-stream. It is, on the other hand, crossed by three tributaries, the Kanaka, Dushambeh, and Kafirnigan, converging to near the city of I-issar, where they break through the southern side and flow to the Oxus. IrTheo 7all1v h--c o ms;vr Tw ,,,l1.lin *. A l 1U1t Ca AsaAAeU }V/ L ula I.a1. Li A;,-ri;, r1,A 11, V ¥I-EUU between Usbeg camps and Tadjik villages. Throughout the old khanate it is famed for its wealth of pasture and the grace of its horses. The streams descending from the mountains north are diverted to irrigate a wide continuity of rice and grain-fields, while the silk woven in Karatagh and Hissar is prized throughout the cities of Central Asia. Ten days were spent in attempting to decipher the remarkable physiography of the Hissar valley. The more open part of the valley east from Karatagh is about 40 miles long and floored by a grass plain with an average width of 5 miles, but of irregular definition. On the northern side this plain is often bounded by a loess cliff, surmounted by a narrow belt of steppe rising north. From this it inclines transversely or southwards on a grade of about 20 feet to the mile, and sweeps up again to meet the mature topography of the southern side. The loess cliff Fig. 447. A Swimmer of Rapids, with an Inflated varies up to ioo feet in height, and running along tle northern side ot the main valley truncates tributary spurs and tributary valleys Goat-skin (Karategin). in one plain; but is interrupted by the broad flood-plains of larger tributary valleys dissecting it; in general, it runs east and west, sometimes perfectly straight for several miles; sometimes gives way to a dissected deformlation of the plain, and has the appearance of a recent fault-scarp. From near Dushambeh it runs straight east for 8 miles, dissected by local streams at rare intervals. The HIissar valley is all loess, except where crossed by the gravel flood-plains of the three larger streams. These streams cross in wide channels, beginning with a depth of about Ioo feet, decreasing till near the southern side, where flood-plains
DESERTS. 271 merge into the great valley-floor. It is essentially a valley of deep loess accumlulation, a grassy settling ground of dust blown up from the Kizil Kum. On the other hand, its great dust-beds undoubtedly alternate in depth with the floodplain deposits of its cross-streams. Out of ten days, during seven there was a Fig. 448. Fish Traps of the Kizil Su. Fig. 449.--Silk Factory in Karategin. yellow haze, and of these days two were so gloomy that a few hundred yards was the range of vision. It is, therefore, a region of still living loess. The kurgans and burial mounds left by its more ancient inhabitants are now mantled with 2 feet or more of loess.
Page 1 and 2: EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
Page 3: Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
Page 6 and 7: VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
Page 8 and 9: VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
Page 10 and 11: X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
Page 14 and 15: -r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17: 244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 28 and 29: 2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 32 and 33: 26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35: 262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65 and 66: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 67 and 68: - DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the p
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73: '1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
Page 86 and 87: 3Io PIIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
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ut that would not detract from the
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OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
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PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
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322 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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PLATE 67. I
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PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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