EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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292 PHYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. To begin with, the mountains directly bordering it have contributed but a small portion of the sediments spread before them. The Amu, for instance, brings most of its load from many hundred miles behind the border ranges, whereas these border ranges probably had the benefit of rising to give way for sinking of most of that load, if the differential movements of sinking plains of deposition and rising of worn-down mountains resulted from such a displacement. Another deviation from the ideal type is a serious difference in height of mountains from east, where they rise to over 20,000 feet, to west, where the Kopet Dagh attain a maximum of only 9,000 feet. And this difference appears to have been no less in Tertiary time, for no crystallines have yet risen to view in the Kopet Dagh, though the Pamir and Tian Shan have weathered to their granite cores. More sediments were, therefore, loaded onto the plains in the east, and we find that mountains there were uplifted higher and more often than the Kopet Dagh, where only one really great erosion cycle appears to have followed the peneplain stage, though the second and third uplifts are recorded on a small scale. Besides all this, the plains have been seriously warped, a fact evidenced by channels of the Oxus and Zerafshan and other streams, probably as a result of the great difference of deposition load over different areas. Perhaps even more serious than these internal organic peculiarities must have been the climatic complications arising from external sea connections. A recent connection between the Caspian and Black Seas through the Manitch, north of the Caucasus, and a more remote overflow of an Aralo-Caspian Sea through Siberia to the Arctic, limit the possibility of climatic calculations based on determinations of sea-water areas. The moment an interior sea either overflows or receives an influx from some other basin or of tide-water, its surface area ceases to be a function of climate. And, on top of all this, the river Don, behaving in the uncertain manner of a large aggrading river, may have flowed alternately into the Caspian and Black Seas. It is, however, hoped that a more complete study of the past and present marine fauna and flora of the Aralo-Caspian Basin may decipher most of these remarkable hydrographic variations. THE LACUSTRIAN ZONE (ARALO-CASPIAN SEA EXPANSIONS). Its lacustrian or marine history, though involved, affects such a large area and throws so much light on its climate, especially during archeological time, that it becomes of first importance. Russian and other geologists have naturally directed special attention to this aspect of the basin, but their work has so far been lacking in quantitative results. After the early Tertiary upheavals of its peripheral mountain ranges, a Tertiary sea, perhaps at first connected with the Mediterranean and Arctic, appears to have shrunken till in late Tertiary time it washed the oldest shores indicated on Konshin's map (fig. 467). From that it withered into an Aral and Caspian with shores below those of to-day. This fact, recognized first by Davis, is demonstrated on both sides of the Caspian, where valleys dissecting its high-level Tertiary sediments are contoured up to 200 feet and higher by shore-lines of its later Quaternary expansions, but extend down under water or
- DESERTS. 293 are drowned by the present level. This reasoning is enforced by Walthers's statement that in a well-boring on the Caspian shore, southeast of Krasnovodsk, dunesand was penetrated to a depth of 35 meters below the sea-level. Therefore, a long interval of subaerial erosion elapsed after the Caspian had shrunken from its great Pliocene Aralo-Caspian expanse to below its present level, and before it rose to its higher Quaternary shores. Assuming that it expanded from this low level, called early Quaternary by Davis, to unite again with the Aral and transgress the Kara Kum, we have an early Quaternary cycle of desiccation : ! ' /* -- -/- J S ---- ^ ',. _ - = ^ _-' ' 1 ,e-- Sl.A ... M 1> OF ; ; ; . j . j T.O...M. ^ .,.......7.''...... t : :.,*. ''.' :' 1 I ANCI 2h) .1' N (T ,', 1 t Iot 4 7 < ', | / of ,-,'"'< -.!';-' : ,/A, :'. . -CASPLOF o Tl , ! < ' ; I t, u ,. ...... ;0 :/Xt'e jl OXUS (A°OU-I)ARIA) 3, _ :^ P '0, , %'* ,,'. ^ ,- i ' f ualn thel severll ~phts4.s .. _7, .__, ,, , .___ . _- _._ i; . ^ "I ''. '' .. oll the recession of tile : : y '; f'O r~u S i tour of t \'r:^ Y^-/ /^ ' ' ' ARALO-CASPIAN SEA 3 ., ' | /, / 1 . / ('"'"'^as^-'y^ - 1 - )i 'rbentch ' ., I o-esc .. from the begilllng of tlhe lucq terlllary e|>oc
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN EXPEDITIO
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Ancient Anau and the Oasis-World, a
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VI CONTENTS. I'AGE. CHAPTER XV. OAS
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VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. CIIAPTER XIX.
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X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TBXT-PIGUR
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-r frR K "'I'RAN .A'i'P c'l 67 ~- -
Page 16 and 17: 244 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
Page 28 and 29: 2,56 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 32 and 33: 26)0 IPIYSIOGRAI'IIY OF CENTRAL-ASI
Page 34 and 35: 262 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 38 and 39: 266 PHYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 40 and 41: 268 PIIYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 42 and 43: 270 I'IIYSIOGRAPHIY OF CENTRAL-ASIA
Page 48 and 49: 276 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 53 and 54: DESERTS. 279 short and the base-lev
Page 55 and 56: DESERTS. 28I The Zerafshan River is
Page 57 and 58: DESERTS. 283 The principal river wh
Page 59 and 60: DIESERTS. 285 perhaps tile unconfor
Page 61 and 62: DESERTS. 287 THE FERGANA BASIN. ITS
Page 63 and 64: DESERTS. 289 that low relief was di
Page 65: DESERTS. 291 THE ARALO-CASPIAN BASI
Page 69 and 70: DESERTS. 295 ward over the Hunger S
Page 71 and 72: DESERTS. 297 Konshin believes to ha
Page 73: '1 PLATE 63 NW -
Page 76 and 77: 300 PIIYSIOGRAPIIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 80 and 81: - .-- - _ - -- - 304 PHYSIOGRAPHY O
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Page 93 and 94: OASES. 315 tributary delta descendi
Page 95 and 96: ut that would not detract from the
Page 97 and 98: OASES. 319 canal-way to the Djillan
Page 99: PLATE 65. r 0 x c K rv U) 0 c -r I
Page 104: 324 PIIYSIOGRAPIHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
Page 109: PLATE 67. I
Page 113: PLATE 69. e cn er NU1 rp 7 or- r- a
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326 PIIYSIOGRAPIY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN
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328 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN D
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OASES. 335 type Ia. But the signifi
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OASES. 337 tributary canal, they bu
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CHAPTER XVI.-INTRODUCTION. The rich
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INTRODUCTION. bones, chiefly the di
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346 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVAT
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PLATE 72. I-'. I-^ . ,, 't t 11; 1.
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_ _ _- 348 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE
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3,56 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVA
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PLATE 74. 4 Poephagus grunniens and
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PLATE 76. IG. . AMedian part of car
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PLATE 78. "I I 5 FIG. 1. 11asioccip
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 385 of the hea
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-- --- --- __ ORDO PERISSODACTYLA.
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ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. - 389 to that
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__ _- ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 39I RADI
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PLATE 80. ,e f FIG,. 1. Sus critatl
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FIG. 1. Long-horned ox from NeSpal,
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PLATE 84. C) lDq F 3 0 n,, 11 "O pp
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PLATE 85. 000 0 00 ao 0o 0 0 0 0 0
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CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OF ANAU IN I
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FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL ORSES AND THEI
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CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN T
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PLATE 87. I 1 .:? i ; : : . . .. i
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PLATE 89. 1 2 F'l(;. 1. Nornma late
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_ _ _ _ _ ~ - 4I2 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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414 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOU
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--- --- 420 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN IT
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PLATE 91. a It 1u I I s d I r ' I _
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_____ ___ __ 424 THE HORSE OF ANAU
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430 THE IHORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIO
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CHAPTER XX.-CONCLUDING REMARKS. We
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 435 scanty past
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 437 of inclosur
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 The next pe
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CONCLUDING REMARKS. 441 Mesopotamia
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PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULL
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446 SKULLS FROM ANAU. OTHER SPECIME
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PLATE 93. C I. ; FlI. 1. Imperfect
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CHAPTER XXII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FO
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HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN
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PLATE 94. a 2 b . , IlG. 1. Right f
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PLATE 96. a b c 1 a -- b ~~Z a 3 D3
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- ~ : _ _ _ 466 HUMAN REMAINS FROM
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468 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KU
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CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANT
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REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KU
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PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELET
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478 LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE
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484 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN NORTH KU
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492 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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494 SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN SOUTH KU
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II INDEX. PAGE. Boucher de Perthes
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IV INDEX. PAGE. Erosion cycles-Cont
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VI INDEX. PAGE. Horses, fossil, sub
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VIII INDEX. PAGE. Ox, wild (Asiatic
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x INDEX. PAGE. aksh Valley.........
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EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN

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