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442 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. afterwards steward, of the Kaim Makam, of Mohamed Shah. the first Vizier The son entered the service of the Persian Commander-in-Chief and went to St. Petersburg in his suite on the occasion of the embassy of Khusru Mirza. His promotion was rapid until he became Vizier of the army of Azerbaijan. Later on he represented Persia on the frontier commission which met at Erzeroum. ^i Taki Khan's last appointment was that of Chief Officer of the Heir-Apparent, who, when he came to the throne, not unnaturally appointed him Chief Minister. He disarmed jealousy as far as possible by refusing the title of Sadr-i-Aazam^ or " Prime Minister," and assumed that of Amir-i-Nizam, or "Chief of the Arr The new Vizier was determined to remedy the various existing abuses, such as the sale of appointments and governorships, the enormous number of pensions granted to unworthy persons, and the robbery of the soldiers by their officers. At first he made little way, as few Persians could credit the existence of a minister who was both truthful and incorruptible. Gradually, however, the word massed round that bribery and corruption were of no avail, and with some public opinion at his back he reformed abuse after abuse, and placed the finances of the country on something resembling a business-like footing. Naturally his reforms raised up a host of enemies, among whom was the powerful Queen-mother, but the young Shah at first supported him loyally, and even gave him his own sister in marriage. The Rebellion of the Salar. In Persia the Turks of Azerbaijan play the leading part. By custom the Heir- Apparent governs this province, and upon succeeding to the throne marches to Teheran surrounded by his staff of Turks. The army, too, and certainly the most trustworthy portion of it, is mainly recruited in this province, which also supplies all the artillerymen. Consequently the Kajar dynasty came to be identified with " the Turks," and in many cases risings were inspired by hatred of these alien garrisons ; for the inhabitants of Azerbaijan speak little or no Persian. Towards the close of the reign of Mohamed Shah a
THE PERSO-AFGHAN QUESTION 443 son of the Asaf- young Kajar Khan known as the Salar, u-Dola, had rebelled. He had induced many of the chiefs of Khorasan to join him, but they deserted and hewas forced to seek refuge among the Turkoman together with Jafar Kuli Khan, chief of Bujnurd. Shortly afterwards the two rebels returned to Khorasan and reoccupied Bujnurd. Again they were attacked and again they fled, Jafar Kuli Khan taking refuge on this occasion with Yar Mohamed Khan of Herat. The death of Mohamed Shah gave the Pretender his chance, and before long, owing to hatred of the Turks, almost all the chiefs of Khorasan had joined the young Khan, whose personality was attractive and courage undoubted. Yar Mohamed Khan brought two thousand sowars to Meshed as a reinforcement for Hamza Mirza, the Persian Governor-General, who had promised him in return for his twenty guns and two frontier posts assistance. But the forces of the Salar were too strong, and Meshed was evacuated, the Governor-General retiring in the direction of the Afghan frontier. Meanwhile a force of six thousand infantry under Sultan Murad Mirza reached Khorasan from Teheran and, mainly owing to the desertion of the Bujnurd chief, the Salar was driven to shut himself up in Meshed, where he was besieged for eighteen months. Finally the citizens of the Sacred City entered into negotiations with the besiegers, and surrendered Meshed and the Salar. The Pretender was tortured in barbarous fashion to make him reveal his treasure, and was then strangled. He was buried in the shrine of Khoja Rabi, close to the city. The Bab. Among the latest religions to which Asia has given birth is that of the Bab. Its founder, Sayyid Ali Mohamed, 1 born in 1820, was the son of a grocer of Shiraz, who evincing a religious disposition was sent to Kerbela, where he studied at the feet of celebrated doctors of law and gained distinction for the austerities he practised and for his love of learning. At the age of 1 These sections are based on The Episode of the Bab, The New History of the Bab, and the article in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics : in each case the author is Prof. E. G. Browne. A brief account of the sect is also given in The Sword of Islam by Sir A. Wollaston.
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MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON BOMBAY CA
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(Through the courtesy of Doctor Ahm
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A HISTORY OF PERSIA BY LIEUT. -CoL.
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-v'l PART OF A PERSIAN HUNTING SCEN
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-. CONTENTS Khorasan under the Cali
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CONTENTS ix CHAPTER LV PAGE THE MON
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CONTENTS xi CHAPTER LXI LITERATURE
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CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER LXVIII PAGE T
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CONTENTS xv CHAPTER LXXIV THE FOUND
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CONTENTS xvii CHAPTER ..... LXXX PA
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xx HISTORY OF PERSIA FACE PAGE . .
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MOHAMED SHAYBANI. MAPS VOL. To illu
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THI-; OPENING SURA OF THE KORAN. CH
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XLIV CAREER OF MOHAMED AT MECCA 3 r
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THE KA.MJ.V (From a Persian MS. in
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6 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. but at la
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8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Upon the
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io HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. admired
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12 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XLIV by
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1 4 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. majorit
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1 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. which t
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1 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. God to
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20 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. of refus
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22 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Spain th
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24 HISTORY OF PERSIA derided the im
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26 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. 1. That
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28 HISTORY OF PERSIA Moslems lost 1
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30 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. was stil
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32 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Expa
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34 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Proc
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3 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA but also in P
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ISLAM UNDER FIRST FOUR CALIPHS 37 H
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(Through the courtesy of H.E. the P
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THE TRAGEDY OF KERBELA 41 stances a
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THE TRAGEDY OF KERBELA 43 arrow, an
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THE PULPIT OF THK MAHDI. (In the Mo
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46 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XLVII It
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48 HISTORY OF PERSIA Caliph's publi
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50 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. the troo
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52 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. serving
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54 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Achi
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56 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Abba
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58 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. of the h
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60 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. XLVIH qu
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62 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. is the t
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40 U G H R %.A S /A N Andarabah '^a
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64 HISTORY OF PERSIA c thou art a m
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66 HISTORY OF PERSIA daughter Khayz
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MAMUN AND THE IMAM RIZA. CHAPTER L
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70 HISTORY OF PERSIA and above all
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72 HISTORY OF PERSIA which he at le
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74 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. and on M
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76 HISTORY OF PERSIA China date fro
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78 HISTORY OF PERSIA protest of hum
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80 HISTORY OF PERSIA of hard fighti
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AMR-UL-LAIS. CHAPTER LI THE DECAY O
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84 HISTORY OF PERSIA broke out in e
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CENTRAL ASIA London: Macmilla,n &.
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DECAY OF THE CALIPHATE 85 ruled the
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DECAY OF THE CALIPHATE 87 him, late
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DECAY OF THE CALIPHATK 89 and drove
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DECAY OF THE CALIPHATE 91 succeeded
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'>;>i>t n phot t\$i'af>h I'V Major
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94 HISTORY OF PERSIA robber called
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9 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA able man exte
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, rfl| . TOGHRII, BEG. CHAPTER LII
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ioo HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. invader
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THE SELJUK TURKS 101 the ground, an
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I _ LII THE SELJUK TURKS 103 lifeti
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! played THE SELJUK TURKS 105 vast
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LIT THE SELJUK TURKS 107 The Minist
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LII THE SELJUK TURKS 109 present da
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i ALilik 1X04) THP: SELJUK TURKS 1
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i THE SELJUK TURKS 113 and when rep
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THE SELJUK TURKS 115 Some ten years
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LI, THE SELJUK TURKS 117 at that ti
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CH.LIII DISRUPTION OF SELJUK EMPIRE
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DISRUPTION OF SELJUK EMPIRE 121 and
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DISRUPTION OF SELJUK EMPIRE 123 lef
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a I
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126 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. relatio
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128 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. notice,
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FROM THE "DIWAN" OF NASIR-I-KHUSRU.
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1 32 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. I prop
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i 3 4 HISTORY OF PERSIA Tabaran dis
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PERSIAN LITERATURE 135 was written
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LIV PERSIAN LITERATURE 137 Omar Kha
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LIV PERSIAN LITERATURE 139 mysticis
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X \ & < < --> -1.
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1 42 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Anothe
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MANGU. CHAPTER LV THE MONGOL CATACL
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146 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. and to
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THE MONGOL CATACLYSM 147 of his imm
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l>fc :* A *! Ti" I I KARA KHITAN, S
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1 50 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. who wa
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1 52 HISTORY OF PERSIA their own bo
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i 5 4 HISTORY OF PERSIA To remedy t
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156 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. for a v
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1 58 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. shot a
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160 HISTORY OF PERSIA was almost ex
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HULAGU. CHAPTER LVI THE EXTINCTION
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164 HISTORY OF PERSIA Tartars, and
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1 66 HISTORY OF PERSIA intrepid sol
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1 68 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. spared
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i yo HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Karaco
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LVI EXTINCTION OF THE CALIPHATE 171
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LVI EXTINCTION OF THE CALIPHATE 173
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TIIK SIKGK OF BAGHDAD BY HULAGU KUA
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1 76 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP.LVI Ass
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178 HISTORY OF PERSIA Court. She is
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i8o HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. exclaim
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1 82 HISTORY OF PERSIA had been est
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1 84 HISTORY OF PERSIA bad, so that
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1 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA two years la
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GHAZAN. CHAPTER LVIII That which wa
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1 90 HISTORY OF PERSIA thousand men
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LVIII GHAZAN KHAN 191 same Turks, w
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GHAZAN KHAN 193 a secret until he h
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T.VIII GHAZAN KHAN 195 World Conque
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. A,. MX TAMERLANE 197 This act cau
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TAMERLANE. (From F. R. Martin's Min
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200 HISTORY OF PERSIA they answered
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202 HISTORY OF PERSIA which has alr
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204 HISTORY OF PERSIA familiar to h
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1 Vide 206 HISTORY OF PERSIA At the
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2o8 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Multan
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210 HISTORY OF PERSIA preserved, co
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212 HISTORY OF PERSIA up the water
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TAMERLANE 213 describe." He also re
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THE TOMB OF TAMERLANE. (In the fore
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SHAH RUKH. CHAPTER LX THE TIMURID M
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218 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. A truly
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THE TIMURID MONARCHS 219 throne wit
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THE T1MURID MONARCHS 221 to the Sul
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1 BARER ON HIS THRONK. (From a MS.
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224 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. LX and
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226 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. also ut
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228 HISTORY OF PERSIA upon thee, tu
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2 30 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. This o
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232 HISTORY OF PERSIA O cypress-tre
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234 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The bel
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236 HISTORY OF PERSIA the Glory of
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2 3 8 HISTORY OF PERSIA colleges, b
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ISMAIL I. CHAPTER LXII THE RISE OF
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242 HISTORY OF PERSIA the throne mu
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244 HISTORY OF PERSIA the Tarikh-i-
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246 HISTORY OF PERSIA janissaries,
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248 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Baber o
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LXII RISE OF THE SAFAVI DYNASTY 249
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RISE OF THE SAFAVI DYNASTY 251 mort
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LXII RISE OF THE SAFAVI DYNASTY 253
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RISE OF THE SAFAVI DYNASTY 255 993
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SHAH ABBAS THE GREAT 257 two nobles
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A KURDISH VILLA* il.. (From \Yiirrr
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260 HISTORY OF PERSIA \ ^Jj th-disp
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262 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. and pro
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264 HISTORY OF PERSIA mgio army, ho
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266 HISTORY OF PERSIA seclusion, an
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268 HISTORY OF PERSIA credit in an
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270 HISTORY OF PERSIA results becam
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272 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. The Fai
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274 HISTORY OF PERSIA Steele, who h
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276 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP, Jask wa
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278 HISTORY OF PERSIA of the whole
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280 HISTORY OF PERSIA was captured
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282 HISTORY OF PERSIA island empori
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STRUGGLE IN THE PERSIAN GULF 283 in
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CHAP.LXV ARCHITECTURE AND ART 285 a
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LXV ARCHITECTURE AND ART 287 us the
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ARCHITECTURE AND ART 289 added to t
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: . 1 *F t * ' ufl fc> ^#^ty*$frv$*
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mEfflSBWF!8
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ARCHITECTURE AND ART 291 silk carpe
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LXV . ARCHITECTURE AND ART 293 Amer
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m COLLEGE OF SHAH SULTAN HUSAYN, IS
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SHAH HUSAYN. CHAPTER LXVI THE DECLI
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298 HISTORY OF PERSIA negative resu
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300 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. force w
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I DECLINE OF SAFAVI DYNASTY 301 of
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DECLINE OF SAFAVI DYNASTY 303 posts
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3 MAHMUD OF GHAZNI. CHAPTER LXVII T
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THE GHILZAIS OF KANDAHAR 307 partic
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THE GHILZAIS OF KANDAHAR 309 false
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I THE GHILZAIS OF KANDAHAR 311 The
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CH...XV.H OVERTHROW OF SAFAVI DYNAS
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LXV,,, OVERTHROW OF SAFAVI DYNASTY
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I. X VIII OVERTHROW OF SAFAV1 DYNAS
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LXV OVERTHROW OF SAFAVI DYNASTY 319
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A.SHKAK. CHAPTER LXIX THE EXPULSION
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EXPULSION OF THE AFGHANS 323 plunde
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EXPULSION OF THE AFGHANS 325 attemp
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EXPULSION OF THE AFGHANS 327 : his
Page 485:
- /'.ngi-Ht- II. \M.\D.\N WITH MOUN
Page 488 and 489:
330 HISTORY OF PERSIA put to death
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332 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. dynasty
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334 HISTORY OF PERSIA Tahmasp urged
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336 HISTORY OF PERSIA banks. It is
Page 496 and 497:
338 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. LXIX ad
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340 HISTORY OF PERSIA Kuli was a ha
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342 HISTORY OF PERSIA in the name o
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LXX RISE OF NADIR KUl.I 343 Defeati
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RISE OF NADIR KULI 345 until it rea
Page 509:
i Knmi NADIR SHAH, a iVr.si.m pir;-
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348 HISTORY OF PERSIA Moslem empire
Page 515 and 516:
[Purport. HOLOGRAPH DOCUMENT SIGNED
Page 517:
mBHBHHHHHB^Hl^HHHHHBBHHHHBH^BIIHH /
Page 520 and 521:
352 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. the eff
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354 HISTORY OF PERSIA the fortifica
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CONQUESTS OF NADIR SHAH 355 court,
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LXXI CONQUESTS OF NADIR SHAH 357 sa
Page 529:
';
Page 532 and 533:
NADIR SHAH. CHAPTER LXXII THE LAST
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362 HISTORY OF PERSIA lives to save
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364 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. served
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LAST YEARS OF NADIR SHAH 365 reali/
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LAST YEARS OF NADIR SHAH 367 a ship
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LAST YEARS OF NADIR SHAH 369 and Na
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CH.LXXIH SHORT-LIVED ZAND DYNASTY 3
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fl A BRIDGE ACROSS THE RIVER KARUN.
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374 HISTORY OF PERSIA Meanwhile Kar
Page 553 and 554:
SHORT-LIVED ZAND DYNASTY 375 Husayn
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SHORT-LIVED ZAND DYNASTY 377 Gulf.
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SHORT-LIVED ZAND DYNASTY 379 except
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LUTF AM KUAN. (From ;i picture in t
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3 82 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. to sei
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384 HISTORY OF PERSIA unspeakable t
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3 86 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. ately
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388 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Khan an
Page 576 and 577:
390 HISTORY OF PERSIA " Keianian He
Page 579 and 580:
partly in boats and r' 1 partly by
Page 581:
AGA MAHOMED KHAN. (From an original
Page 584 and 585:
394 HISTORY OF PERSIA ment from Teh
Page 586 and 587:
396 HISTORY OF PERSIA pursuance of
Page 588 and 589:
398 HISTORY OF PERSIA and the Afgha
Page 591 and 592: R1TISH AND FRENCH MISSIONS 399 The
Page 593 and 594: ,xxv BRITISH AND FRENCH MISSIONS 40
Page 595 and 596: BRITISH AND FRENCH MISSIONS 403 to
Page 597 and 598: .xxv BRITISH AND FRENCH MISSIONS 40
Page 599 and 600: , s BRITISH AND FRENCH MISSIONS 407
Page 601 and 602: ixxv BRITISH AND FRENCH MISSICT 409
Page 603 and 604: n. ixxv, DISASTROUS CAMPAIGNS 411 s
Page 605: - 1
Page 608 and 609: 4H HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. She cede
Page 610 and 611: i 4 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA This act le
Page 613 and 614: DISASTROUS CAMPAIGNS 417 Luke, the
Page 615 and 616: however, spared, DISASTROUS CAMPAIG
Page 617 and 618: : DISASTROUS CAMPAIGNS 421 and at l
Page 619 and 620: SHAH. CHAPTER LXXVII PERSIAN AGGRES
Page 621 and 622: j AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 425 to
Page 623 and 624: : LXXVII AGGRESSION ON AFGHAN 427 h
Page 627 and 628: LXXVI, AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 42
Page 629 and 630: AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN support t
Page 633 and 634: AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 433 comer
Page 635 and 636: AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 435 besie
Page 637 and 638: LXXVII AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 43
Page 639 and 640: AGGRESSION ON AFGHANISTAN 439 invad
Page 641: MOIIAMEU SHAH. CHAPTER LXXVIII THE
Page 645: 'nll ,1 />': THK SHKI.NI. OF KIKMA
Page 648 and 649: 446 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. For a w
Page 651 and 652: I.XXVHI THE PERSO-AFGHAN (Jl 1 I IO
Page 653 and 654: LXXVIII THE PERSO-AFGHAN QUESTION 4
Page 655 and 656: THE PERSO-AFGHAN QUESTION 451 .1 th
Page 657 and 658: THE PERSO-AFGHAN (j ION of our stat
Page 661 and 662: THE PERSO-AFGHAN QUESTION 455 were
Page 663 and 664: LXXVIII THE PERSO-AFGHAN QUESTION 4
Page 665 and 666: . HAP. LXXIX ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA
Page 667 and 668: LXXIX ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 461 vot
Page 669 and 670: ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 463 the victo
Page 673 and 674: LXXIX ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 465 mus
Page 677 and 678: LXXIX ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 467 sov
Page 681 and 682: ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 469 Ladgasht,
Page 683 and 684: ENVELOPMENT OF PERSIA 471 Summary.
Page 685 and 686: CH.LXXX THE AWAKENING OF PERSIA 473
Page 687 and 688: ; rifles . ' THE AWAKENING OF PERSI
Page 689: II.I.M. \ASIK-U-I)IN. (Through the
Page 692 and 693:
478 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. Imperia
Page 694 and 695:
4 8o HISTORY OF PERSIA path, but in
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482 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. was ava
Page 698 and 699:
484 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. moderat
Page 701 and 702:
IKX THE AWAKENING OF PERSIA 485 Ali
Page 703 and 704:
^- jw li,i ' I " A TITLES OF THE SH
Page 707 and 708:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 489 ap
Page 709 and 710:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 491 ve
Page 713 and 714:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 493 4.
Page 715 and 716:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 495 a
Page 719 and 720:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 497 co
Page 721 and 722:
PERSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 499 le
Page 723 and 724:
GRANTING OF A CONSTITUTION 501 inte
Page 725 and 726:
xii GRANTING OF A CONSTITUTION 503
Page 727:
' H.H. THK KARMAN KARMA.
Page 730 and 731:
' 506 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. princ
Page 732 and 733:
508 HISTORY OF PERSIA CHAP. a stude
Page 735 and 736:
GRANTING OF A CONSTITUTION 509 peop
Page 737:
GRANTING OF A CONSTITUTION 5 1 1 wo
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5H HISTORY OF PERSIA Coinage of Lyd
Page 742 and 743:
516 HISTORY OF PERSIA India in the
Page 744 and 745:
518 HISTORY OF PERSIA Song of the R
Page 746 and 747:
520 HISTORY OF PERSIA Abul Hasan, M
Page 748 and 749:
522 HISTORY OF PERSIA Alikhanoff, R
Page 750 and 751:
524 HISTORY OF PERSIA Arsaces (son
Page 752 and 753:
HISTORY OF PERSIA foundation of, 65
Page 754 and 755:
, Callias, HISTORY OF PERSIA Butene
Page 756 and 757:
530 HISTORY OF PERSIA Constantius,
Page 758 and 759:
532 HISTORY OF PERSIA Duranri, Sir
Page 760 and 761:
534 HISTORY OF PERSIA Gandash (or G
Page 762 and 763:
536 HISTORY OF PERSIA 455 - 456 ; c
Page 764 and 765:
538 HISTORY OF PERSIA Hi, River, i.
Page 766 and 767:
540 HISTORY OF PERSIA Kalposh, mead
Page 768 and 769:
542 HISTORY OF PERSIA Kizilbash tri
Page 770 and 771:
544 HISTORY OF PERSIA Malik Dinar,
Page 772 and 773:
54 6 HISTORY OF PERSIA Mithradates,
Page 774 and 775:
548 HISTORY OF PERSIA Nasrulla Mirz
Page 776 and 777:
550 HISTORY OF PERSIA defeat by the
Page 778 and 779:
55 2 HISTORY OF PERSIA expedition o
Page 780 and 781:
554 HISTORY OF PERSIA Pison, River,
Page 782 and 783:
556 HISTORY OF PERSIA 471 Kobad's f
Page 784 and 785:
558 HISTORY OF PERSIA 313, 314, 315
Page 786 and 787:
560 HISTORY OF PERSIA Su, lake of,
Page 788 and 789:
S 62 HISTORY OF PERSIA Tiglath-pile
Page 790 and 791:
HISTORY OF PERSIA Vonones II., i. 4
Page 793 and 794:
A'K THE SAME AUTHOR. 8vo. i os. net
Page 797:
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS
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