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86 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment yield positive net benefits to taxpayers. In sum, the likelihood that policies and programs that lead to increases in education will yield positive net benefits to taxpayers warrant extensive investigation into identifying and developing effective programs.
Appendix A Data and Sources Data The SIPP contains 79,500 individuals with at least one monthly response in 2002. We excluded about 20,700 respondents who were not in the monthly sample for all 12 months and, consequently, did not provide data on full annual participation in social programs. We also excluded about 15,700 individuals who were under age 18. Finally, we excluded about 2,700 individuals who did not respond to the interview modules for immigration and medical participation. The result is a sample of 40,300 adults with annual income and participation data for 2002. We did not censure data in terms of age on the high end; the highest age in the final sample happens to be 86. Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis of this study is the individual. However, income taxes are based on family income, and some social support programs—welfare or food stamps, for example—target the family, not the individual. In estimating federal and state income taxes and benefits from family-oriented social support programs, we assume that income is evenly distributed among all adults in the particular household. Educational Attainment The key independent variable of the study is constructed from SIPP data. The related SIPP question asks for the highest degree received or grade completed, with 18 possible response choices. We mapped those choices into the four educational attainment categories used in this study. In situations where the response of a person to the education question varies along the year, June data dominates. We performed similar mappings for surveys of the criminal justice system. 87
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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vi The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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xii The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xiv The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xvi The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xviii The Benefits to Taxpayers fro
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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2 The Benefits to Taxpayers from In
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10 The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Page 99 and 100: Chapter Seven Educational Attainmen
Page 101 and 102: Educational Attainment and Public R
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Page 115 and 116: Data and Sources 89 Program Benefit
Page 117 and 118: Appendix B Estimating Tax Payments
Page 119 and 120: Estimating Tax Payments 93 Federal
Page 121 and 122: Appendix C Social Program Participa
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Page 137 and 138: Appendix D Incarceration Cost Estim
Page 139 and 140: References Aos, Steve, Roxanne Lieb
Page 141 and 142: References 115 Krop, Richard, Steph
Page 143: References 117 U.S. Department of J
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