The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

106 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment
Table C.6
Estimates of 2002 Medicare Participation
Probit – Utilization
Probit – Hospitalization
Women
Men
Under 65 Over 64 Under 65 Over 64
Women
Men
Intercept –0.7227** –9.8709 –0.7444* –18.1862 0.4278 –1.2382
Education level
Less than high school
graduate
–0.3954 –5.3939 –1.2145** 12.4510 –1.1342 0.0410
Some college –1.3210** 2.1560 –0.4884 14.8332 1.7160 4.4829**
Bachelor’s degree or
more
0.1055 –9.1268 3.0736** 20.0691 3.5643 4.4922*
Age
Age –0.1040** 0.3076 –0.1040** 0.4964 –0.0480* 0.0052
Age squared 0.0017** –0.0019 0.0017** –0.0030 0.0004* 0.0000
Age–less than high school
graduate
0.0315 0.1322 0.0909** –0.3035 0.0344 –0.0011
Age–some college 0.0538* –0.0652 0.0155 –0.3758 –0.0527 –0.1457**
Age–bachelor’s degree
or more
Age squared–less than
high school graduate
Age squared–some
college
Age squared–bachelor’s
degree or more
–0.0251 0.2132 –0.1693** –0.5134 –0.0946 –0.1451*
–0.0003 –0.0008 –0.0011** 0.0018 –0.0002 0.0000
–0.0006 0.0005 –0.0001 0.0023 0.0004 0.0011**
0.0002 –0.0013 0.0018** 0.0032 0.0006 0.0011*
Race/ethnicitiy
Asian –0.0354 –0.8993** 0.1210 –0.8180** –0.1793 –0.1541
Black 0.2663* –0.5305** 0.2684** –0.3562* 0.1127 0.0222
Hispanic –0.1181 –0.6390** 0.0085 –0.4498* –0.0794 –0.0327
Native American –0.2333 n/a –0.0400 –0.5629 –0.4789 0.5325
Immigrant –0.3839** –0.6440** –0.3543** –0.5973** –0.0818 –0.0279
N 17,437 4,300 15,819 3,109 4,760 3,550
R squared 24% 17% 23% 11% 1% 2%
NOTES: One and two asterisks indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Education
effects (main and interacted) are jointly significant in all models at the 0.05 level or better. The
intercept is high school graduate, white, U.S.-born. Native American dropped in one model since it
predicts participation perfectly.