The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

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50 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment performance. For the post-retirement part of SSI, program income differentials across education levels are not statistically significant. Not surprisingly, savings typically peak at age 65 for both genders and for all race/ethnicity groups, though for some U.S.-born groups the highest savings occur for individuals in their mid-forties to fifties. Figure 4.4 depicts the expected annual SSI income for a U.S.-born Hispanic woman, at different ages and education levels. The solid line at the top of the chart illustrates the fact that the highest SSI benefits are paid to high school dropouts, no matter what their age. SSI benefits spike for individuals at all education levels at age 65. Effects of Educational Attainment on Medicaid Spending Medicaid provides health care benefits to low-income individuals who have no or inadequate medical insurance. While the federal government establishes general guidelines for the administration of Medicaid benefits, eligibility criteria and the scope of services are determined by the states. Accordingly, Medicaid is a joint federal/state program administered by individual states. Figure 4.4 Expected Annual Supplemental Security Income for a U.S.-Born Hispanic Woman Expected annual income (2002 $) 1,000 800 600 400 200 Less than high school graduate High school graduate Some college Bachelor’s degree or more RAND MG686-4.4 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Age
Spending on Social Support Programs 51 In our nationally representative data, 12 percent of individuals utilized Medicaid, and 20 percent of those who utilized the program (2 percent of the total) were hospitalized at the time of the survey. The results show that, by far, the largest public saving in Medicaid occurs between high school dropouts and high school graduates, across all gender and race/ethnicity groups. The gains for women are generally 50–100 percent higher than those for men, and the highest differential is for Hispanics. Such divergence is observed in inpatient and outpatient services alike; however, the divergence for inpatient services is more critical, since they are almost six times more expensive than outpatient services. One striking finding about total Medicaid spending is that the burden of men on the system strongly depends on age in addition to educational attainment, while the burden of women is relatively stable, especially for the high school dropout group. One potential explanation relates to pregnancy, as women in their twenties and thirties use Medicare as much as they do in their senior years. Another related finding is that the Medicaid utilization pattern of college-graduate women closely resembles that of men. Women with more education are much more likely to have a job that comes with insurance benefits, and they do not have to rely on Medicaid to finance their health needs. To illustrate the results, Figure 4.5 shows the Medicaid benefits for a U.S.-born Hispanic woman as a function of age and education level. Figure 4.5 Expected Annual Medicaid Benefits for a U.S.-Born Hispanic Woman Expected annual benefits (2002 $) 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Less than high school graduate High school graduate Some college Bachelor’s degree or more RAND MG686-4.5 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Age
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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xvi The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xviii The Benefits to Taxpayers fro
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xx The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
Page 25: Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
Page 41 and 42: Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
Page 43 and 44: Analytic Approach 17 women employed
Page 45 and 46: Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
Page 47 and 48: Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
Page 49 and 50: Analytic Approach 23 The difference
Page 51 and 52: Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
Page 53 and 54: Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
Page 55 and 56: Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
Page 57 and 58: Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
Page 67 and 68: Chapter Four Spending on Social Sup
Page 69 and 70: Spending on Social Support Programs
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Page 99 and 100: Chapter Seven Educational Attainmen
Page 101 and 102: Educational Attainment and Public R
Page 113 and 114: Appendix A Data and Sources Data Th
Page 115 and 116: Data and Sources 89 Program Benefit
Page 117 and 118: Appendix B Estimating Tax Payments
Page 119 and 120: Estimating Tax Payments 93 Federal
Page 121 and 122: Appendix C Social Program Participa
Page 123 and 124: Social Program Participation and Co
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Social Program Participation and Co
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Appendix D Incarceration Cost Estim
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References Aos, Steve, Roxanne Lieb
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References 115 Krop, Richard, Steph
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References 117 U.S. Department of J
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