The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

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90 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment The National Center for Education Statistics collects expenditure and attendance data from school districts and postsecondary education institutions to compute current expenditures per pupil. Expenditures per pupil are available on a per-ADA basis for K–12 school districts and on a per-FTE basis for postsecondary institutions. For this study, we used expenditure data for K–12 education for the 2001–2002 school year, the year closest to the calendar year, 2002, in which the SIPP data were collected. We used expenditure data for higher education for the 2000–2001 school year, the most recent available. All the expenditure data used in this study were obtained from the Digest of Education Statistics: 2007 (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2008).
Appendix B Estimating Tax Payments Payroll Taxes The Social Security and hospital insurance portion of Medicare are financed by taxes levied on individual earnings. Not every individual pays these taxes; only the employed pay. Therefore, estimations are made using a two-part model. The first step estimates with probit the likelihood of paying payroll tax, and the second step estimates with OLS the amount of payroll tax payment conditional on having positive earnings. Assumed payroll tax payment for every individual is calculated by applying the statutory payroll tax rates (Table 3.3) to individual earnings data in SIPP. The specific response variable in the OLS is the square root of assumed payroll tax payments for an approximately normal distribution. The independent variables are • a set of dummies indicating the level of educational attainment: –– less than high school graduate –– some college –– bachelor’s degree or more • age and age-squared • interactions between educational attainment variables and age variables • a set of race/ethnicity dummies for Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans • a dummy for U.S.-born versus immigrant. Age is included as quadratic to allow for nonlinear effects of age, particularly as relates to cumulative experience in the labor market. Further, age and education status are interacted to allow for the slope on educational attainment to vary with age. In all regressions, the intercept refers to the reference case of U.S.-born, white individuals who graduated from high school. We run separate models for men and women, consistent with human-capital models of labor market outcomes. The fact that there are only small subsamples prevents us from running models for groups based on race/ethnicity and place of birth. 91
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Page 65 and 66: Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Page 101 and 102: Educational Attainment and Public R
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Page 139 and 140: References Aos, Steve, Roxanne Lieb
Page 141 and 142: References 115 Krop, Richard, Steph
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