The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

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100 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment Food Stamps Income from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is estimated using the two-part model. The first part of the model estimates the likelihood of food stamp utilization with probit, and the second part estimates the amount of food stamps received in the year conditional on utilization with OLS. The response variable in the income regression is the square root of food stamps income for normality. Results are presented in Table C.3. Supplemental Security Income We estimate income from the SSI program using the two-part model. The first part of the model estimates the likelihood of SSI utilization with probit, and the second part estimates the amount of SSI income received in the year conditional on utilization with OLS. The response variable in the income regression is the square root of SSI income for normality. Further, as the SSI program comprises a supplemental subprogram for the elderly and a disability subprogram, we modeled program utilization and income separately for the elderly and non-elderly. Results are presented in Table C.4a for utilization and C.4b for income.
Social Program Participation and Costs 101 Table C.3 Estimated Two-Part Model of 2002 Food Stamp Income Probit – Utilization OLS – Income Received (square root) Women Men Women Men Intercept –1.0766** –2.4361** 41.0327** 0.8122 Education level Less than high school graduate 0.3603 –0.3407 5.7363 31.4441** Some college –1.0525** –0.4754 –1.1340 7.7287 Bachelor’s degree or more –0.7235 0.0402 2.5046 53.1373 Age Age –0.0061 0.0336** 0.1033 1.2532** Age squared –0.0001 –0.0005** –0.0058** –0.0148** Age–less than high school graduate 0.0044 0.0231 –0.2122 –1.3383** Age–some college 0.0318* 0.0059 0.0116 –0.3870 Age–bachelor’s degree or more Age squared–less than high school graduate –0.0230 –0.0359 –0.6522 –2.4458* 0.0000 –0.0001 0.0023 0.0136** Age squared–some college –0.0003 0.0000 –0.0001 0.0045 Age squared–bachelor’s degree or more 0.0004 0.0005 0.0090 0.0260* Race/ethnicity Asian 0.0721 0.1240 6.4447* 6.7825 Black 0.7664** 0.3937** 3.6310** 4.3408* Hispanic 0.2852** 0.0762 1.7749 1.7159 Native American 0.6623** 0.5553** 7.9107** 5.1160 Immigrant –0.1211* –0.1347 –0.3359 3.4727 N 21,547 18,746 1,720 521 R squared 17% 8% 20% 7% NOTES: One and two asterisks indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Education effects (main and interacted) are jointly significant at the 0.0001 level except for income of men. The intercept is high school graduate, white, U.S.-born.
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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vi The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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xii The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xiv The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xvi The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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xviii The Benefits to Taxpayers fro
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xx The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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2 The Benefits to Taxpayers from In
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10 The Benefits to Taxpayers from I
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Chapter Four Spending on Social Sup
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Spending on Social Support Programs
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Page 75 and 76: Spending on Social Support Programs
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Page 99 and 100: Chapter Seven Educational Attainmen
Page 101 and 102: Educational Attainment and Public R
Page 113 and 114: Appendix A Data and Sources Data Th
Page 115 and 116: Data and Sources 89 Program Benefit
Page 117 and 118: Appendix B Estimating Tax Payments
Page 119 and 120: Estimating Tax Payments 93 Federal
Page 121 and 122: Appendix C Social Program Participa
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Page 137 and 138: Appendix D Incarceration Cost Estim
Page 139 and 140: References Aos, Steve, Roxanne Lieb
Page 141 and 142: References 115 Krop, Richard, Steph
Page 143: References 117 U.S. Department of J
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