The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

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106 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment Table C.6 Estimates of 2002 Medicare Participation Probit – Utilization Probit – Hospitalization Women Men Under 65 Over 64 Under 65 Over 64 Women Men Intercept –0.7227** –9.8709 –0.7444* –18.1862 0.4278 –1.2382 Education level Less than high school graduate –0.3954 –5.3939 –1.2145** 12.4510 –1.1342 0.0410 Some college –1.3210** 2.1560 –0.4884 14.8332 1.7160 4.4829** Bachelor’s degree or more 0.1055 –9.1268 3.0736** 20.0691 3.5643 4.4922* Age Age –0.1040** 0.3076 –0.1040** 0.4964 –0.0480* 0.0052 Age squared 0.0017** –0.0019 0.0017** –0.0030 0.0004* 0.0000 Age–less than high school graduate 0.0315 0.1322 0.0909** –0.3035 0.0344 –0.0011 Age–some college 0.0538* –0.0652 0.0155 –0.3758 –0.0527 –0.1457** Age–bachelor’s degree or more Age squared–less than high school graduate Age squared–some college Age squared–bachelor’s degree or more –0.0251 0.2132 –0.1693** –0.5134 –0.0946 –0.1451* –0.0003 –0.0008 –0.0011** 0.0018 –0.0002 0.0000 –0.0006 0.0005 –0.0001 0.0023 0.0004 0.0011** 0.0002 –0.0013 0.0018** 0.0032 0.0006 0.0011* Race/ethnicitiy Asian –0.0354 –0.8993** 0.1210 –0.8180** –0.1793 –0.1541 Black 0.2663* –0.5305** 0.2684** –0.3562* 0.1127 0.0222 Hispanic –0.1181 –0.6390** 0.0085 –0.4498* –0.0794 –0.0327 Native American –0.2333 n/a –0.0400 –0.5629 –0.4789 0.5325 Immigrant –0.3839** –0.6440** –0.3543** –0.5973** –0.0818 –0.0279 N 17,437 4,300 15,819 3,109 4,760 3,550 R squared 24% 17% 23% 11% 1% 2% NOTES: One and two asterisks indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Education effects (main and interacted) are jointly significant in all models at the 0.05 level or better. The intercept is high school graduate, white, U.S.-born. Native American dropped in one model since it predicts participation perfectly.
Social Program Participation and Costs 107 Unemployment Insurance We estimate income from the Unemployment Insurance program using the two-part model. The first part of the model estimates the likelihood of utilizing Unemployment Insurance with probit, and the second part estimates the amount of unemployment compensation received in the year conditional on utilization with OLS. The response variable in the income regression is logged compensation for normality. Results are presented in Table C.7. Social Security We estimate income from the Social Security program using a two-part model. The first part of the model estimates the likelihood of Social Security utilization with probit, and the second part estimates the amount of Social Security income received in the year conditional on utilization with OLS. The response variable in the income regression is the square root of Social Security income for normality. Further, like SSI, the Social Security program includes a retirement benefits subprogram that can kick in starting age 62, and survivor and disability insurance programs that might be applicable regardless of age. Therefore, we modeled program utilization and income separately for the elderly and non-elderly, using 62 as the transition age (the actual age profile of users in the SIPP confirms this). Results are presented in Table C.8a for utilization and C.8b for income.
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Chapter Four Spending on Social Sup
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Spending on Social Support Programs
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