The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students - RAND ...

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104 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment Medicaid The SIPP does not report Medicaid payments on behalf of a respondent. For each respondent, it reports whether the respondent was covered by Medicaid, the number of medical provider visits in the previous 12 months, and whether the respondent was hospitalized in the previous 12 months. We use a two-part model to estimate benefits from the Medicaid program. The first part estimates Medicaid utilization, the probability that a respondent covered by Medicaid had at least one medical provider visit in the previous 12 months. The second part estimates hospitalization, conditional on Medicaid utilization. We assume that Medicaid utilization absent hospitalization is outpatient utilization. We assume that hospitalization is inpatient utilization. As the SIPP provides utilization but not benefit data, we compute per-person average inpatient as well as outpatient benefits from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data. As our analysis of the age profile of Medicaid participants and nonparticipants did not indicate anything remotely resembling a transition point based on age, we did not separately model Medicaid utilization for the elderly and non-elderly. Estimates are presented in Table C.5. Medicare The SIPP does not report Medicare payments on behalf of a respondent. For each respondent, it reports whether the respondent was covered by Medicare, the number of medical provider visits in the previous 12 months, and whether the respondent was hospitalized in the previous 12 months. We use a two-part model to estimate benefits from the Medicare program. The first part estimates Medicare utilization, the probability that a respondent covered by Medicare had at least one medical provider visit in the previous 12 months. The second part estimates hospitalization, conditional on Medicare utilization. We assume that Medicare utilization absent hospitalization is outpatient utilization. We assume that hospitalization is inpatient utilization. As the SIPP provides utilization but not benefit data, we compute per-person average inpatient as well as outpatient benefits from CMS data. As Medicare is primarily a health care insurance program for the elderly but also a disability and renal-disease program regardless of age, we modeled Medicare utilization separately for the elderly and non-elderly. An analysis of the age distribution of participants and nonparticipants also supports this choice for mere utilization (not hospitalization). Estimates are presented in Table C.6.
Social Program Participation and Costs 105 Table C.5 Estimates of 2002 Medicaid Participation Probit – Utilization Probit – Hospitalization Women Men Women Men Intercept 0.2995* –1.0325** –0.7821** –2.7053** Education level Less than high school graduate –0.3366 0.1364 0.1549 0.6601 Some college –0.9617** –0.2695 –0.1318 1.7033* Bachelor’s degree or more –1.4920** –1.5242** –2.5823* 0.9136 Age Age –0.0598** –0.0214** –0.0010 0.0646** Age squared 0.0005** 0.0002** 0.0000 –0.0005* Age–less than high school graduate 0.0393** 0.0159 –0.0111 –0.0240 Age–some college 0.0254** –0.0038 0.0032 –0.0729* Age–bachelor’s degree or more Age squared–less than high school graduate 0.0176 0.0244 0.1142* –0.0393 –0.0004** –0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 Age squared–some college –0.0002* 0.0001 0.0000 0.0007* Age squared–bachelor’s degree or more 0.0000 –0.0001 –0.0011* 0.0004 Race/ethnicity Asian 0.3955** 0.5279** –0.5340** –0.2137 Black 0.6226** 0.5057** –0.1194 –0.0524 Hispanic 0.3447** 0.2433** –0.0620 –0.1925 Native American 0.9122** 1.0390** –0.3817* –0.0795 Immigrant –0.0502 0.0116** –0.1414 –0.0883 N 21,548 18,746 3,181 1,596 R squared 14% 11% 2% 5% NOTES: One and two asterisks indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Education effects (main and interacted) are jointly significant at the 0.05 level except for women’s hospitalization. The intercept is high school graduate, white, U.S.-born.
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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xvi The Benefits to Taxpayers from
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Chapter Four Spending on Social Sup
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Spending on Social Support Programs
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