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92 The Benefits to Taxpayers from Increases in Students’ Educational Attainment Depending on the nature of the social program in question, we run separate models for the elderly and non-elderly. Estimation results are presented in Table B.1. Table B.1 Estimates from Two-Part Model of 2002 Payroll Tax Payments Probit – Participation OLS – Taxes Paid Women Men Women Men Intercept –0.8459** –0.4249* –4.1963 –4.15212 Education level Less than high school graduate 0.0891 –0.8238** 4.7728 2.2691 Some college 0.2686 –0.3459 –5.3807 –25.5432** Bachelor’s degree or more 0.2888 0.2851 –2.0267 1.0287 Age Age 0.1025** 0.1107** 2.5859** 3.2834** Age squared –0.0014** –0.0016** –0.0281** –0.0357** Age–less than high school graduate –0.0307** 0.0110 –0.6790** –0.5102* Age–some college –0.0036 0.0221 0.4990** 1.4644** Age–bachelor’s degree or more Age squared–less than high school graduate –0.0049 0.0143 1.1552** 0.9948** 0.0004** 0.0000 0.0079** 0.0058* Age squared–some college 0.0000 –0.0002 –0.0051* –0.0161** Age squared–bachelor’s degree or more 0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0143** –0.0117** Race/ethnicity Asian –0.0745 –0.4392** 2.6975* –2.7183* Black 0.0284 –0.3238** –1.2134* –8.4983** Hispanic 0.0334 0.0291 –0.7659 –4.1378** Native American 0.0380 –0.2882* –2.2908 –7.0643** Immigrant –0.1647** 0.2372** –2.2035** –0.4896 N 21,548 18,746 13,715 14,446 R squared 27% 35% 25% 31% NOTES: One and two asterisks indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 level, respectively. Education effects (main and interacted) are jointly significant in both models at the 0.0001 level. The intercept is high school graduate, white, U.S.-born.
Estimating Tax Payments 93 Federal Income Taxes While payroll taxes are paid by individuals, federal income taxes are paid by families (consisting of one or more individual) out of family income. Therefore, federal taxpayment estimations consist of a single regression of assumed per-person federal tax payment on educational attainment, age, and covariates. We calculate assumed federal tax payments by applying average federal income tax rates by income group (Table 3.2) to pre-transfer family income in the SIPP. This assumed federal tax payment for the family is divided by the number of adults in the family and logged (for normal distribution) to get the response variable for the OLS regression. State and Local Taxes State and local taxes are estimated like federal income taxes. We assume that such taxes are also paid out of total family income. Hence, state tax payment estimations also consist of a single regression. We calculate assumed state and local tax payments by applying national average U.S. rates (Table 3.4) to pre-transfer family income in the SIPP. Similar to federal taxes, state tax payments are also evenly divided among the adults in the household and logged for the OLS. Table B.2 presents estimation results for amount of federal and state taxes.
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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The Benefits to Taxpayers from Incr
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Preface Meeting the educational dem
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Figures 3.1. Present Value of Lifet
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Abbreviations ADA CPS EITC FTE GED
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Chapter Two Analytic Approach There
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Analytic Approach 15 effects of edu
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Analytic Approach 17 women employed
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Analytic Approach 19 State and Loca
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Analytic Approach 21 tion of educat
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Analytic Approach 23 The difference
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Analytic Approach 25 but a very sma
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Analytic Approach 27 1997 changes g
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Chapter Three Payments for Taxes an
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Payments for Taxes and Social Progr
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Page 67 and 68: Chapter Four Spending on Social Sup
Page 69 and 70: Spending on Social Support Programs
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Page 101 and 102: Educational Attainment and Public R
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Page 115 and 116: Data and Sources 89 Program Benefit
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Page 139 and 140: References Aos, Steve, Roxanne Lieb
Page 141 and 142: References 115 Krop, Richard, Steph
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