rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

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86 RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES AND DYNAMICS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 FIGURE 2.1 The world is becoming more urban Share of urban population (% of total population) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 1960 1980 2000 2011 World Developing countries Developed countries Source: World Bank 2012c. FIGURE 2.2 % of poor people in total population 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: GMR team 2013. (figure 2.2). In South Asia, which had the largest number of poor in 2008, poverty was high in rural and urban areas (table 2.1). A ten percentage point difference between rural and urban poverty rates in 1990 persisted until Overall poverty has declined 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 Rural (left axis) Urban (left axis) Number of poor people (right axis) 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Number of people living on less than $1.25 a day 2008. In 1990, East Asia had almost 1 billion poor and the highest rural poverty rate of about 67 percent. Its achievement in reducing rural poverty to 20 percent by 2008 is spectacular. East Asia has an equally impressive record in eradicating urban poverty from 24 percent in 1990 to 4 percent in 2008. Sub- Saharan Africa remains the last frontier in the fight to reduce poverty. Nearly half of the rural and one third of the urban population lived on less than $1.25 a day in 2008. For each poor person in an urban area, there were 2.5 as many in rural areas. In South Asia, for each poor person in an urban area, there were three poor ones in rural areas (map 2.1). Unveiling the face of urban poverty Urban poverty is not uniformly distributed across a country’s cities and towns. Populations are typically conceptualized as being spatially bipolar: people live in either rural or urban places. Poverty, too, is typically seen from this perspective. In reality, people and poverty are located along a continuous “settlement” spectrum ranging from sparsely populated rural areas, to small towns to
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES AND DYNAMICS 87 TABLE 2.1 Poverty rates are falling in both urban and rural areas but are lower in urban areas Share of the population below $1.25 a day 1990 1996 2002 2008 rural urban rural urban rural urban rural urban East Asia and Pacific 67.5 24.4 45.9 13.0 39.2 6.9 20.4 4.3 Europe and Central Asia 2.2 0.9 6.3 2.8 4.4 1.1 1.2 0.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 21.0 7.4 20.3 6.3 20.3 8.3 13.2 3.1 Middle East and North Africa 9.1 1.9 5.6 0.9 7.5 1.2 4.1 0.8 South Asia 50.5 40.1 46.1 35.2 45.1 35.2 38.0 29.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 55.0 41.5 56.8 40.6 52.3 41.4 47.1 33.6 Total 52.5 20.5 43.0 17.0 39.5 15.1 29.4 11.6 Source: World Bank staff calculations. ibrd 39872 april 2013 MAP 2.1 Povery is becoming more urban in more urbanized regions % people living in an agglomerated area 0 40 50 55 60 100 Rural poor Urban poor Source: GMR 2013 team. Note: The agglomeration index was developed by the WDR 2009 team. They define an agglomerated area as having these metrics: a settlement’s population size (more than 50,000 people); population density (more than 150 people per square kilometer); and travel time to the nearest large city (60 minutes). The graduated circles are roughly proportional to the total poor population and show the relative share of rural and urban poor. small cities, to megacities (figure 2.3). In 2010, some 17.5 percent of the urban population in developing countries lived in cities of 5 million or more; 31 percent lived in cities of 0.5 to 5 million, and 51 percent lived in smaller towns (table 2.2) (UN 2011). The distribution of the urban poor follows a similar pattern, with the smallest share living in megacities and larger shares living in medium and small towns. Indeed, the large cities are not necessarily places where the poor are also concentrated (table 2.3).
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
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© 2013 International Bank for Reco
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vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
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Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
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Acknowledgments This report has bee
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
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GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
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4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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Goals and Targets from the Millenni
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Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
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primary completion, and access to s
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FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
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MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
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MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
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MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
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MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
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Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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