rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

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64 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 FIGURE 1.16 Sub-Saharan Africa: Sectoral output and employment, 1995–2010 a. Agriculture output ratio b. Agriculture employment ratio 35 90 30 25 80 70 60 % of GDP 20 15 % of GDP 50 40 10 5 30 20 10 0 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 0 c. Industry output ratio d. Industry employment ratio 35 35 30 30 25 25 % of GDP 20 15 % of GDP 20 15 10 10 5 5 0 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 0 e. Services output ratio f. Services employment ratio 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 % of GDP 40 30 % of GDP 40 30 20 20 10 10 0 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 0 South Africa Mauritius South Asia (median) Cameroon Tanzania Ghana Sources: CEIC database and Haver Analytics database.
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS 65 FIGURE 1.17 Sub-Saharan Africa: Labor productivity and change in employment shares, 1995–2010 FIGURE 1.18 South East Asia: Labor productivity and change in employment shares, 1995–2010 Change in employment share (% per year) 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 MUS SEN CMR GHA RWA TZA SEN ZAF ZMB MLI UGA UGA MOZ RWA CMR MOZ GHA ZAF MLI TZA RWA MOZ ZMB UGA SEN TZA MOZ ZAF ZMB ZMB TZA MUS MLI ZAF UGA MUS GHA CMR SEN RWA –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Sectoral labor productivity relative to average (log difference) Change in employment share (% per year) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 –0.5 –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 KHM PHL KHM IDN VNM VTM BGD IDN VNM IDN IDN BNG KHM PHL KHM PHL BNG VTM BDH KHM VNM PHL BGD BGD PHL IDN VNM KHM IDN –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Sectoral labor productivity relative to average (log difference) Source: IMF staff estimates. Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Tertiary Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Construction Government Other services Source: IMF staff estimates. changes in employment shares against average relative productivity levels for agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and the tertiary sector for Sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian countries, respectively. 12 Points in the lower left quadrants indicate sectors with below average productivity and declining employment shares, while those in the upper right quadrants indicate sectors with above average productivity and rising employment shares. Structural transformation has taken place to the extent that the observations for manufacturing and services in most countries are located in the upper right quadrant, corresponding to movements from low to high average labor productivity sectors. In fact, only Cameroon and Zambia show change in the employment share in the opposite direction, namely, from high to low average labor productivity sectors. In all the other Sub-Saharan African countries, workers have moved out of the agricultural sector. This suggests that the findings of McMillan and Rodrik (2011), whose analysis of a smaller subset of countries through 2005 found workers moving into low-productivity sectors, may actually be reversed when considering a broader set of countries through 2010. Country groups within Sub-Saharan Africa display important differences. Most oil exporters, middle-income, and nonfragile low-income countries have seen sustained increases in average labor productivity, often underpinned by rising productivity in agriculture and resulting in a declining share of GDP from that sector. Fragile countries, in contrast, have generally experienced low and irregular growth, largely as a result of conflict; this poor growth is reflected in the absence of significant structural transformation in most of these countries. Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa that have been growing faster than in the past have not experienced an increase in the share of manufacturing in employment or GDP, in contrast to the experience in Asia. This pattern is not necessarily surprising. To some extent, it is what would be expected given the differences between the two regions in resource endowments and in comparative advantage: when Asia started its takeoff, most countries were abundant in labor, whereas Sub-Saharan Africa is abundant in natural resources. The challenge is that
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
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© 2013 International Bank for Reco
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vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
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Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
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Acknowledgments This report has bee
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
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GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
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4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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12 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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Page 38 and 39: Goals and Targets from the Millenni
Page 40 and 41: Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
Page 42 and 43: primary completion, and access to s
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
Page 46 and 47: MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
Page 48 and 49: MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
Page 50 and 51: MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
Page 52 and 53: MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
Page 54 and 55: MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
Page 60 and 61: Improving the measurement of develo
Page 63 and 64: 1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
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Page 103 and 104: 2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
Page 105 and 106: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
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3 How Can Urbanization Accelerate P
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBAN
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Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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