rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

68 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 FIGURE 1.21 Total number of measures implemented and still in force by each G-20 country, November 2008–December 2012 Saudi Arabia Mexico Japan Korea, Rep. Australia Canada South Africa Turkey United States Indonesia Italy Brazil Germany France United Kingdom India China Argentina Russian Federation EU-27 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Total Liberalizing or transparency improving measures Likely to be restrictive and discriminatory against foreign commercial interests Restrictive and discriminatory against foreign commercial interest Source: Global Trade Alert database. Note: Individual measures may cover a very large portion of trade or just one product—these data are therefore not necessarily reflective of trade coverage. For example, Mexico reduced tariffs on 5,000 tariff lines, but this is reflected in just a few “measures.” Limited progress in Doha Round negotiations at the WTO The need for multilateral agreement remains critical to mitigate the use of trade restrictive measures and promote trade openness. However, the prospects for successfully concluding the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) negotiations—now entering their twelfth year— remain dim, with recent <strong>report</strong>s that WTO members have turned their attention in 2013 to “realistic” deliverables, 14 rather than a conclusion to the whole round. The deadlock is costly. In terms of the market access dimension of what has been negotiated to date, there is a potential global welfare boost of some $160 billion at stake (Hoekman 2011). But often overlooked is the opportunity cost of the WTO not being able to deliver on its “legislative” function as an arbiter of new rules of the game in policy matters outside the framework of the DDA. These include “green” industrial policy measures, natural resource- and climate-related trade policies (such as carbon border adjustments), and export restrictions on food products to insulate domestic markets. DDA paralysis carries the risk of countries pursuing unilateral, potentially damaging, responses to the externalities of these policies. According to experts, much could be gained if a critical mass of the 15–20 or so largest WTO members were to agree to reduce applied barriers to trade and bind current levels of openness, but currently some large countries want more than other large countries are willing to offer (Hoekman 2011). Over the course of 2012, topics including trade facilitation, agriculture, special and differential treatment, least developed country issues, and dispute settlement were advanced—according to the chairs of the various Doha negotiating groups—while others, like services, barely moved at all, and are unlikely to move forward in the months ahead. Successful negotiations at the upcoming December 2013 ninth ministerial conference in Bali are being viewed as a pivotal stepping stone—and necessary precondition—for ending the Doha Round, though there is little optimism that the conference itself will end the round (ICTSD 2012). At the most recent World Economic Forum in Davos, trade ministers from over 20 WTO member countries gathered informally and imposed an unofficial Easter deadline for taking stock of whether “meaningful results” in Bali will be possible. They agreed that success at the conference would have to include gains in the areas of trade facilitation, leastdeveloped country issues, and agriculture (ICTSD 2013).
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS 69 Aid and international financial institutions Over the past decade, official development assistance (ODA) steadily increased, reaching its peak in 2010. The general trend of rising annual flows during the 2000s slowed only after the global financial crisis at the end of 2008, with a 1 percent deceleration in growth in 2009. Official development assistance continued to be a stable source of development financing even after the global financial crisis, helping to alleviate the immediate impact of previous financial crises. In 2011 and 2012, however, as the effects of the recession hit donors’ aid budgets, the recipients of ODA suffered the first two consecutive years of lower aid disbursements since 1997 (excluding fluctuations affected by exceptional debt relief). Bilateral and multilateral aid Members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) disbursed $128.3 billion (in constant 2011 dollars and exchange rates) in 2012, compared with $133.7 billion the previous year, a decrease in real terms of 4 percent. In current prices, ODA in 2012 equaled $125.5 billion, down from $133.7 billion in 2011 a decline of 6 percent. As a percentage of donors’ combined gross national income (GNI), ODA continued to slip from 0.32 percent in 2010 to 0.31 percent in 2011, to end up at 0.29 in 2012 (figure 1.22). The current situation represents some concern, because developing countries have also been affected by the crisis. Within total net ODA, the bilateral share of net ODA decreased from 70 percent in 2011 to 65 percent in 2012, indicating an increase in the share of multilateral aid to close to 35 percent. One of the broad trends in the recent international aid architecture is the rapid increase of “multi-bilateral” ODA, which is defined as bilateral ODA earmarked for a specific purpose and channeled through the multilateral system. According to OECD FIGURE 1.22 2012 current US$, millions 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 DAC, multi-bilateral ODA increased from $9 billion to $16.7 billion between 2007 and 2010, representing 12 percent of gross ODA excluding debt relief. The World Bank channels over a quarter of such multi-bilateral ODA, becoming the single largest multilateral channel for trust funds. Gleneagles DAC members’ net ODA disbursements 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 Total ODA (left axis) Total ODA to low-income countries (left axis) ODA as % of donors’ GNI (right axis) Sources: OECD DAC and World Bank. Note: GNI = gross national income; ODA = official development assistance. At the Group of Eight (G-8) summit in Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, important commitments related to ODA and external debt forgiveness were made. Indeed, the international agreement on debt relief (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, or MDRI) canceled $56.5 billion in loans owed to the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the IMF. In addition, DAC donors agreed to increase ODA by $50 billion between 2004 and 2010, at least half of which would be designated for Sub-Saharan and North Africa. This promised increase was made in 2004 prices and exchange rates, and the targeted level of ODA in 2010 prices was estimated to be $152.2 billion. Given the actual amount of $128.5 billion available, a gap of more than $25 billion remains. The DAC’s 2012 annual ODA <strong>report</strong> shows that only a little more than $1.2 billion of the shortfall can be attributed to lower than expected GNI levels stemming 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.5 0 Percent
Page 3:
Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
Page 6 and 7:
© 2013 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9:
vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 10 and 11:
viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
Page 13 and 14:
Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
Page 15 and 16:
Acknowledgments This report has bee
Page 17:
Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
Page 20 and 21:
GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
Page 22 and 23:
4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37: 18 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 38 and 39: Goals and Targets from the Millenni
Page 40 and 41: Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
Page 42 and 43: primary completion, and access to s
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
Page 46 and 47: MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
Page 48 and 49: MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
Page 50 and 51: MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
Page 52 and 53: MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
Page 54 and 55: MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
Page 60 and 61: Improving the measurement of develo
Page 63 and 64: 1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
Page 65 and 66: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
Page 85: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
Page 103 and 104: 2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
Page 105 and 106: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
Page 137 and 138:
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 147 and 148:
3 How Can Urbanization Accelerate P
Page 149 and 150:
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBAN
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
Page 198:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
show all

rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?