rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

50 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 FIGURE 1.3 Low-income countries: Imports, exports, and current account balance including FDI Simple averages, % of GDP 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Imports (left axis) Exports (left axis) Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: Median country. FDI = foreign direct investment. FIGURE 1.4 Reserves (months of imports) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (projected) Official reserves Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: Bars represent the range between the 25th and 75th percentiles. Current account balance, including FDI (right axis) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (projected) Emerging market countries Median, emerging market countries Low-income countries Median, low-income countries prices in global markets rose sharply from late 2010 to late 2011, followed by some pull-back through most of 2012 (figures 1.5 and 1.6). In emerging market and developing countries, commodity price movements impact consumer prices, terms of trade, and income to a larger extent than in advanced economies. For that reason, commodity price volatility complicates macroeconomic policy 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 making in emerging market and developing countries. Fiscal deficits in 2012 remained broadly stable in both emerging market and lowincome countries (figure 1.7). Thus, the trend toward reinforcing fiscal buffers has stalled. In the 2009 crisis, large buffers made possible an unprecedented countercyclical fiscal response on the order of about 3 percentage points of GDP, but three years after the crisis, less than half of this buffer has been reconstituted. Slightly more than half of all emerging market countries continued to tighten monetary policy in 2012 (figure 1.8). Among the countries that loosened monetary policy, the loosening took the form of reduced nominal short-term interest rates and depreciation of the currency in about equal measure. In lowincome countries, a significant majority of countries loosened monetary policy in 2012, in sharp contrast to 2011. In these countries, the monetary loosening mostly took the form of currency depreciation although the number of countries using the interest rate instrument increased significantly from 2011 to 2012. Against this background, growth in monetary aggregates relative to GDP in emerging market countries broadly reverted to trends prevailing before the 2009 crisis (figure 1.9). The macroeconomic policy mix varied sharply across emerging market countries and low-income countries in 2012; the mix also changed appreciably from 2011 to 2012 (figure 1.10). Among emerging market countries, twice as many countries (close to 40 percent) loosened both monetary and fiscal policy than tightened both policies. Among low-income countries, more countries tightened than loosened both type of policies. Emerging market countries shifted markedly toward relaxing fiscal policy in 2012, with an offsetting tightening of monetary policy. In low-income countries, the trend was in the opposite direction. Quality of macroeconomic policies in low-income countries Since 2003, the quality of macro economic policies in low-income countries has been
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS 51 FIGURE 1.5 Commodity price indexes 400 350 Index (2003Q1 = 100) 300 250 200 150 100 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Quarter, year 2009 2010 2011 Fuel All commodities Cereals Nonfuel Food 2012 2013 (projected) Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: Indexes are in U.S. dollars. FIGURE 1.6 Changes in commodity prices and changes in GDP per capita, terms of trade, and inflation 40 a. Changes in commodity prices 12 b. Changes in GDP per capita, terms of trade, and inflation in emerging market and developing countries a 20 8 4 Percent 0 Percent 0 –20 –4 –8 –40 2007–08 2009 2010–11 2012 2013 (projected) Food Fuel Metal Agricultural raw materials Real GDP per capita Terms of trade Inflation –12 2007–08 2009 2010–11 2012 2013 (projected) Median, real GDP per capita growth Median, terms of trade growth Median, inflation Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: Bars represent the range between the 25th and 75th percentiles. a. Annual changes in percent; for 2007–08 and 2010–11, it is the average of annual changes in percent.
Page 3:
Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
Page 6 and 7:
© 2013 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9:
vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 10 and 11:
viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
Page 13 and 14:
Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
Page 15 and 16:
Acknowledgments This report has bee
Page 17: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
Page 20 and 21: GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
Page 22 and 23: 4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
Page 28 and 29: 10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 38 and 39: Goals and Targets from the Millenni
Page 40 and 41: Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
Page 42 and 43: primary completion, and access to s
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
Page 46 and 47: MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
Page 48 and 49: MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
Page 50 and 51: MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
Page 52 and 53: MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
Page 54 and 55: MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
Page 60 and 61: Improving the measurement of develo
Page 63 and 64: 1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
Page 65 and 66: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
Page 67: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
Page 103 and 104: 2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
Page 105 and 106: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
Page 119 and 120:
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 147 and 148:
3 How Can Urbanization Accelerate P
Page 149 and 150:
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBAN
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
Page 198:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
show all

rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?