rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

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FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who use insecticide-treated bed nets Mauritania (2004) Congo, Rep. (2005) Mali Rwanda Niger Tanzania Togo São Tomé & Príncipe Gabon Zambia Eritrea Burkina Faso Kenya Madagascar Burundi Uganda Malawi Ghana Congo, Dem Rep. Liberia Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Senegal Namibia Gambia, The Ethiopia Sierra Leone Nigeria Angola Sudan Cameroon Benin Mozambique Somalia Chad Zimbabwe Comoros Guinea Côte d’Ivoire Swaziland 0 10 20 Under-5 population (%) First observation (2000 or earlier) Most recent observation (2006 or later) 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sources: UNICEF and World Development Indicators database. peaked in 2002; the prevalence rate—the proportion of people living with the disease—began to fall in 1997. If these trends are sustained, the world could achieve the target of halting and reversing the spread of tuberculosis by 2015. People living with HIV/AIDS, which reduces resistance to tuberculosis, are particularly vulnerable, as are refugees, displaced persons, and prisoners living in close quarters and unsanitary conditions. Well-managed medical intervention using appropriate drug therapy is the key to stopping the spread of tuberculosis. There are 300 million–500 million cases of malaria each year, leading to more than 1 million deaths. Encouraging progress against the disease is being made. In 2011, Armenia was added to the list of countries certified free of the disease. Malaria, a disease of poverty, occurs in all regions, but Sub-Saharan Africa, where the most lethal form of the malaria parasite is most abundant, is the epicenter. Prevention and control measures, such as the use of insecticide-treated mosquito bed nets, have proven effective and their use is spreading. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the use of treated nets is estimated to have grown from 2 percent in 2000 to 39 percent in 2010. Better testing and the use of combination therapies with artemisinin-based drugs are improving the treatment of at-risk populations. But malaria is a difficult disease to control. Emerging resistance to artemisinins and to the pyrethroid insecticides used to treat mosquito nets has been detected. The differences in the rate of use of treated mosquito nets between rural and urban areas are minor. The cost of distributing nets is lower in urban areas thanks to agglomeration effects, likely contributing to the typically higher usage there. 38
MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability As part of the MDGs, most countries have agreed on the principles of sustainable development, and there is international consensus to protect the environment. To this end, MDG 7 includes a target of halving the proportion of the population without access to improved sanitation and water sources by 2015. For many people in developing countries, however, access to safe water and sanitation remains a problem. Fifty-six countries have still not made enough progress to reach the target of improved water sources on time; moreover, 20 countries do not have enough data to measure their progress on this target. Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging the most, although it has improved access to clean water in rural areas from 35 percent in 1990 to 49 percent in 2010; access in urban areas has not changed and remains at 83 percent. East Asia and Pacific made impressive improvements in rural areas, from a starting position of only 58 percent in 1990 to 84 percent in 2010; in urban areas access was nearing 100 percent. In general, the other regions have already managed to reach access rates of more than 80 percent in urban and rural areas. Poor sanitation causes millions of people worldwide to contract illnesses. Around 1.7 million people die each year because of unsafe water and sanitation, and 90 percent of those are children under age five. Almost FIGURE 7a Access to water by region, 1990 and 2010 100 all sanitation-related deaths occur in the rural areas of developing countries, where sanitation problems are more severe (and access to adequate health care is less available). Some regions have made more progress than others, but even though most regions have improved access to sanitation by more than 20 percentage points, differences between urban and rural areas are considerable. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are the only regions where progress has not been significant, with an increase in access of only 17 percentage points in South Asia and 4 percentage points in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2010. These regions also had the worst starting positions. The increase in access to improved sanitation has not been impressive in urban areas either. The biggest advance came in the East Asia and Pacific region, where access increased about 22 percent during 1990–2010. Although the gap between urban and rural access to sanitation is still wide, it has decreased in all regions. Between 1990 and 2010, for example, the gap narrowed from 42 percent to 25 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, and from 44 percent to 31 percent in South Asia. Most striking, in Europe and Central Asia, the gap narrowed from 20 percent in 1990 to 7 percent in 2010, suggesting that even though progress is slow, it does reach underserved rural populations. 80 Percentage 60 40 20 0 Rural Urban East Asia & Pacific Rural Urban Europe & Central Asia Rural Urban Latin America & the Caribbean Rural Urban Middle East & North Africa Rural Urban Sub-Saharan Africa Rural Urban South Asia Starting position (1990) Latest position (2010) Source: World Development Indicators database, 2013. 39
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
Page 6 and 7: © 2013 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9: vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
Page 10 and 11: viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
Page 13 and 14: Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgments This report has bee
Page 17: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
Page 20 and 21: GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
Page 22 and 23: 4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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Page 38 and 39: Goals and Targets from the Millenni
Page 40 and 41: Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
Page 42 and 43: primary completion, and access to s
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
Page 46 and 47: MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
Page 48 and 49: MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
Page 50 and 51: MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
Page 52 and 53: MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
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Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
Page 60 and 61: Improving the measurement of develo
Page 63 and 64: 1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
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Page 103 and 104: 2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
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Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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